Hormones and Feedback Mechanisms

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Questions and Answers

What characterizes the basal layer of the endometrium?

It is 2-5 mm thick and contains tubular glands.

It consists of smooth muscle and supports uterine contractions.

It is the uppermost layer that covers the functional layer.

It is 1 mm thick and contains rudimentary structures for new endometrium. (correct)

Which phase is characterized by the shedding of the endometrium along with blood?

Menstrual phase. (correct)

Proliferative phase.

Luteal phase.

Follicular phase.

What role does positive feedback play during childbirth?

It amplifies the body's response to stimuli. (correct)

It inhibits hormone secretion from the ovaries.

It helps regulate blood glucose levels.

It sustains the menstrual cycle phases.

What happens during the ovulation phase of the menstrual cycle?

A mature graafian follicle releases a non-fertilized ovum. Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the endometrium changes according to hormonal influences?

Functional layer. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average duration of the menstrual bleeding phase?

3-5 days. Signup and view all the answers

How does osmoregulation serve as an example of negative feedback?

It maintains fluid balance by adjusting urine output. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic feature of positive feedback during fruit ripening?

It stimulates increased ripening processes. Signup and view all the answers

What hormonal levels are typically high during menstruation?

Estrogen Signup and view all the answers

What age range is most common for menarche to occur?

12 to 13 years Signup and view all the answers

What is a sign of ovulation?

Breast tenderness Signup and view all the answers

When does ovulation typically occur in a 28-day menstrual cycle?

14th day Signup and view all the answers

What is the fertile window in relation to ovulation?

3 to 4 days before ovulation and 1 to 2 days after Signup and view all the answers

What indicates the degeneration of the corpus luteum?

Fall in levels of estrogen and progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Which test is indicative of positive spinnbarkeit during ovulation?

Positive stretchable mucus test Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by Mittelscherz?

Pain corresponding to follicle rupture Signup and view all the answers

What does the TPAL approach specifically quantify regarding a pregnant woman's history?

The number of pregnancies resulting in live births and abortions Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is categorized under pre-natal high risk screening?

Multiparity greater than three Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an abortion according to the definitions provided?

Pregnancy termination before 20 weeks of gestation Signup and view all the answers

What is considered a term infant according to the definitions provided?

An infant born at the completion of 37 weeks of gestation or beyond Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes prenatal care?

Its goal is to provide maximum health to expectant mothers and their babies Signup and view all the answers

What would be considered a preterm infant based on the definitions provided?

An infant born before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation Signup and view all the answers

Which factor is not considered a high-risk factor for pregnancy?

Living at sea level Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the term 'Gravida' in maternal health?

It describes the pregnant woman Signup and view all the answers

What condition can indicate a pulmonary embolism in a pregnant woman?

Chest pain Signup and view all the answers

Which teratogen is known for causing limb defects?

Thalidomide Signup and view all the answers

How does maternal toxoplasmosis affect the fetus?

It results in CNS damage Signup and view all the answers

What is a common symptom of pregnancy-induced hypertension?

Rapid weight gain Signup and view all the answers

Which medication should be used cautiously in treating toxoplasmosis due to its effect on folic acid levels?

Pyrimethamine Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following can result from rubella infection during pregnancy?

Deafness Signup and view all the answers

What does a significant increase in fetal movement suggest?

Normal oxygen needs Signup and view all the answers

What nutrient is critical to monitor when administering treatments for maternal infections like toxoplasmosis?

Folic acid Signup and view all the answers

What marks the beginning of the passive transfer of antibodies from mother to fetus?

20th week Signup and view all the answers

At the end of the 24th week, which of the following is true regarding the state of the skin?

It is red and wrinkled Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical length and weight of a fetus at the end of the 28th week?

35-38 cm, 1,200 gms Signup and view all the answers

Which condition indicates that a fetus has reached the end of its 40 weeks of gestation?

Presence of meconium in the rectum Signup and view all the answers

During which month do most babies typically achieve a vertex or head-down presentation?

End of the 7th lunar month Signup and view all the answers

What developmental characteristic is notable in infants born at the end of the 28th week?

Weak crying and active extremity movement Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of fetal activity at the end of the 24th week?

Regular sleep cycles Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurs to fetal hemoglobin as development progresses?

It converts to adult hemoglobin Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormonal Regulation and Feedback Mechanisms

Negative feedback regulates hormone production, such as blood glucose levels and osmoregulation.
Positive feedback amplifies responses to stimuli, particularly during childbirth when fetal pressure on the cervix increases hormone secretion.

Menstrual Cycle Overview

The menstrual cycle includes various phases with distinct hormonal activities.
Menstruation lasts 3-5 days, marking the shedding of the endometrium and the unfertilized ovum.
The endometrium consists of three layers: basal layer, functional layer, and cuboidal ciliated epithelium layer.
Ovulation releases a mature ovum roughly 14 days before the next menstruation in a typical 28-day cycle.

Signs of Ovulation

Symptoms may include breast tenderness, mild rise in basal body temperature (0.3 to 0.5°C), and Mittelschmerz (pain associated with ovulation).
Fertile window spans 3-4 days before ovulation and 1-2 days after.

The Process of Menstruation

Menstruation is the cyclic discharge of blood, mucus, and cellular debris due to hormonal fluctuations.
Menarche, the first menstruation, usually occurs between 12-13 years old and is often anovulatory.

Understanding Pregnancy and Abortion

Gestation refers to the duration from fertilization to delivery, typically around 40 weeks.
Prenatal care aims to provide health support to mothers and their unborn children.
Abortion before 20 weeks is termed abortion; after this period, it’s referred to as miscarriage.

TPAL Approach in Obstetric History

T: Number of term infants (born at or beyond 37 weeks).
P: Number of preterm infants (born before 37 weeks).
A: Number of pregnancies ending in abortion.
L: Number of currently living children.

Prenatal High-Risk Screening Factors

Low income, poor diet, high altitude living, advanced maternal age (35+), and using addictive drugs pose significant risks.
Signs of abnormalities may indicate ectopic pregnancy, placenta separation, or unrelated issues like appendicitis.

Teratogenic Risks During Pregnancy

Toxoplasmosis can cause CNS issues; prevention includes avoiding uncooked meat and cat litter.
Rubella can lead to congenital deafness.

Pregnancy-Induced Hypertension Symptoms

Includes rapid weight gain, facial or finger swelling, and decreased urine output.

Fetal Development Milestones

By seven lunar months, fetal viability begins, with significant organ development and active movements.
Infants born at the end of 28 weeks may survive with expert care, showing active movements and weak crying.

Neonatal Characteristics at Term

At full term, a newborn typically weighs 3200 grams or more, shows good muscle tone, and has a strong sucking reflex.
Characteristic features include hair (lanugo), vernix caseosa (protective coating), and functional organ systems.

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Description

This quiz explores the roles of hormones in the human body, particularly focusing on the feedback mechanisms involved in the menstrual cycle. It covers the proliferative phase and the structural layers of the endometrium, along with examples of negative and positive feedback in hormone regulation. Test your knowledge on how hormones influence bodily functions and processes.