Endocrine System Regulation Quiz

<p>Only cells with appropriate receptors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It secretes releasing hormones that regulate anterior pituitary function. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They amplify the original response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Signaling between neighboring cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carrier proteins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits glucagon synthesis and delays gastric emptying (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits secretion of glucagon, insulin, and polypeptide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promote glucose-dependent insulin secretion and inhibit glucagon synthesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Adrenal medulla (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By increasing blood glucose concentration through gluconeogenesis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cause sodium retention and potassium loss (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sympathetic nervous system stimulation and glucocorticoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It acts by altering protein production in the cell nucleus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Integrated protective response (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RIA (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased beta-cell function (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrophy and diminished secretion of thyroid hormones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in adrenal function (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Klotho protein (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased insulin sensitivity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits prolactin secretion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Induces vasoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Positive feedback system (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pineal gland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes bone growth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Negative feedback from peripheral organs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Growth hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activates intracellular processes for TH secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroglobulin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bound to carrier proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates serum calcium and phosphate levels (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases calcium reabsorption and decreases bicarbonate reabsorption (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alpha cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulates blood glucose concentrations (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid hormone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hormones are chemicals produced by endocrine glands and released into the bloodstream. They act as messengers, coordinating various bodily functions with the nervous and immune systems.

The endocrine system is a network of glands that produce and release hormones. It plays a crucial role in regulating diverse bodily functions like reproduction, growth, and stress response.

Negative feedback mechanisms are essential for maintaining hormone levels within a balanced range. When a hormone level rises, it triggers a response that lowers its production.

Positive feedback mechanisms amplify an initial response, leading to further hormone production. It's often seen in reproductive hormones.

The hypothalamic-pituitary axis (HPA) acts as the central control center for the neuroendocrine system, integrating signals from the brain and endocrine glands.

The pituitary gland, divided into anterior and posterior parts, is connected to the hypothalamus and plays a crucial role in hormone regulation.

The hypothalamus controls the anterior pituitary by releasing specific hormones into the portal circulation.

Water-soluble hormones travel freely through the bloodstream, while lipid-soluble hormones (like steroid and thyroid hormones) bind to carrier proteins for transport.

Hormones produced by the hypothalamus influence the release of other hormones from the pituitary gland. They include dopamine, TRH, CRH, and substance P.

ADH (antidiuretic hormone) regulates water balance by increasing water reabsorption in the kidneys. It can also cause vasoconstriction.

Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions during labor and milk release during lactation. It can also play a role in social bonding.

The anterior pituitary releases hormones that regulate various functions in the body. These hormones are regulated by the hypothalamus and feedback mechanisms.

Growth hormone (GH) promotes growth and development by stimulating protein synthesis, bone growth, and lipolysis.

Prolactin is responsible for milk production during pregnancy and lactation.

Melatonin, produced by the pineal gland, regulates sleep-wake cycles, circadian rhythms, and may impact immunity and aging.

The thyroid gland produces thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) that regulate metabolism, growth, and development. Calcitonin, produced by C cells, is involved in calcium regulation.

Thyroid hormone (TH) secretion is regulated by a feedback loop involving the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary, and thyroid gland. The levels of TH in the blood negatively affect the production of TRH and TSH.

The endocrine system, nervous system, and immune system work together to respond to stressors, providing integrated protection.

Radioimmunoassay (RIA) compares radioactive and non-radioactive hormone levels against a standard to determine hormone concentration.

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) is similar to RIA, but uses a radioactive enzyme instead of a hormone.

Bioassays use graded doses of a hormone to determine its levels by comparing the results to an unknown sample.

Changes in hormone levels, activity, secretion, and metabolism are all part of aging's impact on the endocrine system.

Cellular damage, genetic factors, and wear and tear over time influence endocrine gland dysfunction & target organ responsiveness.

Aging causes thyroid gland atrophy and decreased thyroid hormone secretion.

Aging causes pancreatic fat deposition, decreased insulin secretion and sensitivity, and a decline in beta-cell function.

A hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to produce and release thyroid hormones (T3 and T4). TSH plays a crucial role in regulating metabolism.

Two small, paired glands located behind the thyroid gland. They produce parathyroid hormone (PTH), which is vital for maintaining calcium levels in the blood.

A hormone secreted by the parathyroid glands that regulates calcium and phosphate levels in the blood. PTH increases calcium levels by stimulating bone breakdown, enhancing calcium reabsorption in the kidneys, and promoting vitamin D activation.

A hormone produced by the beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin lowers blood glucose levels by promoting glucose uptake into cells, stimulating glycogen synthesis, and inhibiting glucose production in the liver.

A hormone produced by the alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Glucagon raises blood glucose levels by stimulating glycogen breakdown in the liver, promoting glucose production, and increasing fat breakdown.

Specialized clusters of cells within the pancreas that produce and secrete hormones involved in regulating blood sugar levels.

A glycoprotein produced by the thyroid gland, containing tyrosine residues that are crucial for the synthesis of thyroid hormones.

Thyroid hormones (T3 and T4) are essential for regulating metabolism, growth, and development. They play a role in increasing metabolic rate, promoting protein synthesis, and influencing heart rate and body temperature.

Beta cells are a type of cell found in the pancreas, which is an important organ in the endocrine system. Beta cells produce and release insulin, a crucial hormone that helps regulate blood sugar levels.

Aside from insulin, beta cells also secrete another hormone called amylin. This hormone helps manage blood sugar levels in a few ways:

Delta cells, another type of cell in the pancreas, produce somatostatin. This hormone acts as a brake on the release of other important hormones like insulin, glucagon, and pancreatic polypeptide.

These hormones, produced by cells in the digestive system, play a key role in regulating blood sugar levels after a meal. They stimulate insulin release and help slow down the emptying of your stomach, which allows your body to absorb and process sugar more effectively.

The adrenal glands, small organs located on top of the kidneys, play a vital role in managing stress and maintaining overall body balance. Each gland has two parts: the adrenal medulla and the adrenal cortex.

Glucocorticoids are a group of steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex. They play a key role in regulating blood sugar levels, managing stress, and dampening inflammation responses.

The most important mineralocorticoid is aldosterone, which plays a vital role in maintaining electrolyte balance within your body. It controls how much sodium and potassium are reabsorbed and excreted by the kidneys.

The adrenal medulla releases epinephrine and norepinephrine, collectively known as catecholamines. These hormones play a crucial role in the body's 'fight or flight' response to stress.