Hormones and Diabetes Overview

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Questions and Answers

Quid est causa pancreatecellorum laesiones in diabeticorum typon?

Exercitium insufficiens

Consumo excessivo saccharum

Morbus autoimmunis (correct)

Infectio viralis

Quae ex signis polyuria, polydipsia, et polyphagia in diabetes mellitus observantur?

Depressio et anxietas

Nauseam et fatigue (correct)

Tremores et febres

Constipatio et sudor

Quod modus tractandi ad sanguinis glucosi monitorem includitur?

Dieta rigida sine carbohydratis

Usus herbarium medicarum

Caloribus consumptis desuper

Iniectio insulina (correct)

Quomodo symptomata diabetes mellitus se manifestant?

Polyuria et polydipsia (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quae ex sequentibus non est signum diabetes mellitus?

Sudor excessivus (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quod hormonum principaliter in glandula pituitaria posteriora transportatur et adhibetur ad regulationem aquae corporis?

ADH (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quod effectus LH in feminis principaliter in folliculis maturandis et ovulatione operatur?

Maturatio folliculorum et liberatio estrogeni (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quis est effectus principalis glucagoni in corpore humano?

Auge glucose sanguinem concentrationem (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quae condicio adrenalis continet symptomata graves perditas ponderis, hypotensionem et debilitatem musculorum?

Addison's disease (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quod hormonum corpus ad regulationem electrolytorum (Na et K) maxime afficit?

Aldosteronum (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quid est principium regulationis humoralium stimulorum pro glucagone?

Constantia humorum in corpore (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quod genus diabetes mellitus est causatum per hyposecretionem insulinorum?

Type 1 Diabetes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quod organum est principale target glucagoni?

Liver (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quae glandula secreta est ad redigendum volumina sanguinis et pressuram sanguinis?

Glandula adrenalina (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quod hormonum resicitur cum niveles glucosae sanguinis augent?

Insulinum (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quas partes habet glandula pituitaria?

Adenohypophysis et neurohypophysis (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quod aegritudo causatur ex hypersecretione GH in pueris?

Gigantismus (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quod hormonum efficit ad contractionem musculorum lenium et lactis emissio?

Oxytocin (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quod hormonum sustinet in regulatione volumini aquae corporis?

Hormona anti-diuretici (C) Signup and view all the answers

Quod hormonum secretum est ab salvandis cellulis beta pancreaticae?

Insulinum (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quot distinctae partes habet glandula adrenalina?

Duae partes (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quod conditionem endocrinea cum augmento glucosae sanguinis et retentione aquae societatem habet?

Cushing syndrom (B) Signup and view all the answers

Quod hormonum secretum est ab folliculis cellulis glandulae thyroideae?

Calcitoninum (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quod systema hormonum modificat metabolismum et functio musculorum?

Systema endocrinum (D) Signup and view all the answers

Quod hormonum secretum est a glandula adrenocorticotropica?

Cortisol (A) Signup and view all the answers

Quod morbus thyroidalis designatur a symptomatibus ut frigoris sensibilitas et appetitus pauper?

Hypothyroidismum (B) Signup and view all the answers

Qualis hormonum adductum est in ad incremento sanguinis calcium concentrationis?

Parathyroidum hormonum (B) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Hormone Definition

Insulin: A hormone involved in diabetes.

Diabetes Type 1 (Hyposecretion)

Definition: Downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue, neural connection to hypothalamus via hypothalmic-hypophyseal tract, nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones (oxytocin and ADH), neurohormones transported and stored in posterior pituitary, posterior lobe of pituitary gland, and thyroid gland.
Cerebellum: A part of the brain.
Thalamus: A part of the brain.

Diabetes Type 2 (Hypersecretion)

Definition: Pancreatic cells damaged/autoimmune disease.
Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Nausea, Fatigue.
Treatment: Monitor of blood glucose; insulin injection.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Adrenal Gland Condition

Definition: Autoimmune disorder, deficient aldosterone, weight loss, severe dehydration, hypotension (poor cardiac output), muscles weak, crushing syndrome, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid Gland Hormones

Definition: In females, LH helps mature follicles of eggs, triggers ovulation and release of estrogen and progesterone. In males, LH stimulates production of testosterone. Thyroid gland hormones, growth hormone disorders, gonadal hormone production, and anterior pituitary hormones.

Pituitary Gland

Definition: 2 distinct portions (lobes), anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), grandular tissue, posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), neural tissue.
Adrenal Gland Condition: Tumor in pituitary, adrenal gland; too much medication; high glucose blood levels, loss in muscle and protein, salt/water retention, "buffalo hump" is redistributed to fat to posterior neck, crushing syndrome, acromegaly, Addison's disease, and thyroid gland.

Regulation of Blood Glucose

Definition: Major target is liver; causes increased blood glucose levels; Regulation: Humoral stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood glucose levels) Parathyroid Hormone, Glucagon, Insulin, Calcitonin

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Definition: Regulates electrolytes (Na and K), H2O Follows Na+, aldosterone most potent mineralocorticoid, stimulates sodium ion reabsorption and water retention by kidneys; elimination of potassium ions, conserve Na, excrete K+, release triggered by decreasing blood volume and blood pressure, rising blood levels of potassium ion, Regulation: Humoral stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood volume, BP, and levels of K+).

Gonadocorticoids

Definition: Anti-diuretic hormone and Oxytocin, hormones of the posterior pituitary gland, vitamins in the endocrine system, neurotransmitters of the central nervous system, enzymes of the digestive system.

Growth Hormone (GH)

Source: Anterior Pituitary
Target: All cells, Bone and skeletal muscles most affected.
Function: Directs action- on fat and carbohydrates metabolism, indirect action- liver, skeletal muscle, makes insulin-like growth factors=stimulating nutrient uptake, formation of collagen, bone deposit.
Regulation: Hormonal stimuli, GHRH, GHIH (somatostatin) from hypothalamus, hormones of the anterior pituitary gland (GH).

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Effects: Lowers blood glucose levels, enhances membrane transport of glucose into fatty acids and stored in muscle cells, inhibits liver from producing more glucose, participates in neural development and learning and memory, insulin not needed for glucose uptake in liver, kidney, brain.
Regulation: Humoral stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood glucose levels).

Disorders of the Thyroid Gland

Myxedema: (adults) low metabolic rate, cold sensitivity, poor appetite, sluggishness
Cretinism: (infants) Stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, sluggishness

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

Cortisol(hydrocortisone): Type 2 (hypoactivity) Diabetes, uterus and breast, stimulates labor (smooth muscle contraction) and milk ejection, neural stimuli triggered by sensory information of baby/suckling or stretch receptors in uterine walls/cervix, Oxytocin, Glucagon, Calcitonin, Insulin

Pancreatic Islets

Definition: Increases metabolism by increasing rate of burning carbohydrates (Hyperthyroidism), increases heat production (body temp), increases growth (skeletal and nervous system), stimulates development (fetus), maintains BP, regulation: hormonal stimuli.

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

Definition: Two lateral lobes connected by isthmus, on trachea, inferior to larynx, follicular cells produce thyroglobulin, colloid-filled follicles, add iodine to thyroglobulin, thyroid hormone precursor. Parafollicular cells: Produce Calcitonin (↓ blood calcium levels).

Thyroid Function

Effects: Increases metabolism, increases heat production (body temperature), increases growth, maintains blood pressure.
Regulation: Hormonal stimuli.

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Description

Exploratio de hormone et diabete, inter insulinum et diabetes typus 1 et 2. Discetis symptomata, causas et tractationes conditionum hormonum et glandularum. Adrenal gland conditionem et eius effectus in corpore describit.