Hormones and Diabetes Overview

Hormone Definition

• Insulin: A hormone involved in diabetes.

Diabetes Type 1 (Hyposecretion)

• Definition: Downgrowth of hypothalamic neural tissue, neural connection to hypothalamus via hypothalmic-hypophyseal tract, nuclei of hypothalamus synthesize neurohormones (oxytocin and ADH), neurohormones transported and stored in posterior pituitary, posterior lobe of pituitary gland, and thyroid gland.
• Cerebellum: A part of the brain.
• Thalamus: A part of the brain.

Diabetes Type 2 (Hypersecretion)

• Definition: Pancreatic cells damaged/autoimmune disease.
• Symptoms: Polyuria, Polydipsia, Polyphagia, Nausea, Fatigue.
• Treatment: Monitor of blood glucose; insulin injection.
• Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: A form of diabetes that occurs during pregnancy.

Adrenal Gland Condition

• Definition: Autoimmune disorder, deficient aldosterone, weight loss, severe dehydration, hypotension (poor cardiac output), muscles weak, crushing syndrome, Addison's disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism.

Thyroid Gland Hormones

• Definition: In females, LH helps mature follicles of eggs, triggers ovulation and release of estrogen and progesterone. In males, LH stimulates production of testosterone. Thyroid gland hormones, growth hormone disorders, gonadal hormone production, and anterior pituitary hormones.

Pituitary Gland

• Definition: 2 distinct portions (lobes), anterior pituitary (adenohypophysis), grandular tissue, posterior pituitary (neurohypophysis), neural tissue.
• Adrenal Gland Condition: Tumor in pituitary, adrenal gland; too much medication; high glucose blood levels, loss in muscle and protein, salt/water retention, "buffalo hump" is redistributed to fat to posterior neck, crushing syndrome, acromegaly, Addison's disease, and thyroid gland.

Regulation of Blood Glucose

• Definition: Major target is liver; causes increased blood glucose levels; Regulation: Humoral stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood glucose levels) Parathyroid Hormone, Glucagon, Insulin, Calcitonin

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

• Definition: Regulates electrolytes (Na and K), H2O Follows Na+, aldosterone most potent mineralocorticoid, stimulates sodium ion reabsorption and water retention by kidneys; elimination of potassium ions, conserve Na, excrete K+, release triggered by decreasing blood volume and blood pressure, rising blood levels of potassium ion, Regulation: Humoral stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood volume, BP, and levels of K+).

Gonadocorticoids

• Definition: Anti-diuretic hormone and Oxytocin, hormones of the posterior pituitary gland, vitamins in the endocrine system, neurotransmitters of the central nervous system, enzymes of the digestive system.

Growth Hormone (GH)

• Source: Anterior Pituitary
• Target: All cells, Bone and skeletal muscles most affected.
• Function: Directs action- on fat and carbohydrates metabolism, indirect action- liver, skeletal muscle, makes insulin-like growth factors=stimulating nutrient uptake, formation of collagen, bone deposit.
• Regulation: Hormonal stimuli, GHRH, GHIH (somatostatin) from hypothalamus, hormones of the anterior pituitary gland (GH).

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

• Effects: Lowers blood glucose levels, enhances membrane transport of glucose into fatty acids and stored in muscle cells, inhibits liver from producing more glucose, participates in neural development and learning and memory, insulin not needed for glucose uptake in liver, kidney, brain.
• Regulation: Humoral stimuli (homeostatic balance of blood glucose levels).

Disorders of the Thyroid Gland

• Myxedema: (adults) low metabolic rate, cold sensitivity, poor appetite, sluggishness
• Cretinism: (infants) Stunted growth, abnormal bone formation, mental retardation, sluggishness

Anterior Pituitary Hormones

• Cortisol(hydrocortisone): Type 2 (hypoactivity) Diabetes, uterus and breast, stimulates labor (smooth muscle contraction) and milk ejection, neural stimuli triggered by sensory information of baby/suckling or stretch receptors in uterine walls/cervix, Oxytocin, Glucagon, Calcitonin, Insulin

Pancreatic Islets

• Definition: Increases metabolism by increasing rate of burning carbohydrates (Hyperthyroidism), increases heat production (body temp), increases growth (skeletal and nervous system), stimulates development (fetus), maintains BP, regulation:  hormonal stimuli.

Thyroid Hormone (TH)

• Definition: Two lateral lobes connected by isthmus, on trachea, inferior to larynx, follicular cells produce thyroglobulin, colloid-filled follicles, add iodine to thyroglobulin, thyroid hormone precursor. Parafollicular cells: Produce Calcitonin (↓ blood calcium levels).

Thyroid Function

• Effects: Increases metabolism, increases heat production (body temperature), increases growth, maintains blood pressure.
• Regulation: Hormonal stimuli.