Week 1-2 Textbook
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of inhibitory G proteins in hormone signaling?

  • To increase the activity of intracellular enzymes
  • To decrease the activity of intracellular enzymes (correct)
  • To phosphorylate the hormone receptor
  • To activate the transcription of target genes

    • What is the role of JAK2 in the leptin receptor signaling pathway?

  • To inhibit the activity of intracellular enzymes
  • To repress the transcription of target genes
  • To phosphorylate and activate STAT proteins (correct)
  • To bind with the hormone response element

    • What is the characteristic of hormones that bind with protein receptors inside the cell?

  • They are protein receptors
  • They are water soluble
  • They are lipid insoluble
  • They are lipid soluble (correct)

    • What is the outcome of the activated hormone-receptor complex binding with the hormone response element?

    <p>Activation or repression of transcription of specific genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the homodimeric leptin receptor?

    <p>To bind with leptin and activate intracellular signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of STAT proteins in the leptin receptor signaling pathway?

    <p>To activate the transcription of target genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of hormone binding to stimulatory G proteins?

    <p>Increase in the activity of intracellular enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the hormone response element in the cell?

    <p>In the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary effect of growth hormone on glucose utilization in the body?

    <p>Decreased glucose utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does growth hormone enhance protein deposition in tissues?

    <p>By enhancing amino acid transport through cell membranes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on fatty acid mobilization and utilization?

    <p>Increased fatty acid mobilization and utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of growth hormone on protein synthesis in most cells of the body?

    <p>Increased protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of growth hormone in conserving carbohydrates in the body?

    <p>By decreasing glucose utilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does growth hormone affect the concentration of amino acids in cells?

    <p>Increases amino acid concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which growth hormone increases protein synthesis in cells?

    <p>By enhancing RNA translation in the cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the long-term effect of growth hormone on RNA formation in the nucleus?

    <p>Increased RNA formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Serving as a master clock that controls rhythmic patterns of biological clocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the body adapts to changes in stresses and demands over the course of a day?

    <p>Cyclical changes in hormone concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of steroid or thyroid hormones in the plasma typically exist free in solution?

    <p>Less than 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones are dissolved in the plasma and transported from their sites of synthesis to target tissues?

    <p>Water-soluble hormones such as peptides and catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the circadian clock in the context of hormone secretion?

    <p>Driving oscillations of endocrine signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the rhythmic changes in female sex hormones that occur with an average 28-day cycle?

    <p>Essential for reproduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which steroid and thyroid hormones are transported in the bloodstream?

    <p>Bound to plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the feedback signals to the endocrine gland?

    <p>Slowing further synthesis and secretion of the hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of GH's ability to mobilize large quantities of free fatty acids from adipose tissue?

    <p>Supplying most of the energy for the body's cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GH on amino acid uptake and protein synthesis by cells?

    <p>It enhances almost all facets of amino acid uptake and protein synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of GH's ability to promote fat utilization for energy?

    <p>Increased lean body mass</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the time frame for GH to enhance protein synthesis?

    <p>Minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of excessive GH on fat mobilization from adipose tissue?

    <p>Formation of large quantities of acetoacetic acid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GH on glucose uptake in tissues such as skeletal muscle and fat?

    <p>Decreased glucose uptake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of GH on insulin secretion?

    <p>Increased insulin secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of excessive GH on the liver?

    <p>Frequent fatty liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary cause of excess growth hormone production in severe protein malnutrition?

    <p>Protein deficiency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of protein treatment on plasma growth hormone concentration in severe protein deficiency?

    <p>It decreases the growth hormone concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of somatostatin in regulating growth hormone secretion?

    <p>It inhibits growth hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)?

    <p>44 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of carbohydrate treatment on growth hormone concentration in severe protein deficiency?

    <p>It has no effect on the growth hormone concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the route of transportation of GHRH and somatostatin to the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Hypothalamic-hypophysial portal vessels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of somatostatin?

    <p>14 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of protein deficiency on growth hormone concentration?

    <p>It increases the growth hormone concentration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus?

    <p>Controlling rhythmic patterns of biological clocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which the body adapts to changes in stresses and demands over the course of a day?

    <p>Changes in hormone secretion driven by neural pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of steroid or thyroid hormones in the plasma typically exist free in solution?

    <p>Less than 10%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of hormones are dissolved in the plasma and transported from their sites of synthesis to target tissues?

    <p>Peptides and catecholamines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the circadian clock in the context of hormone secretion?

    <p>Controlling the rhythmic patterns of hormone secretion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of the rhythmic changes in female sex hormones that occur with an average 28-day cycle?

    <p>Regulating the menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which steroid and thyroid hormones are transported in the bloodstream?

    <p>Bound to plasma proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the feedback signals to the endocrine gland?

    <p>Slowing further synthesis and secretion of the hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why even small concentrations of a hormone can have a large effect?

    <p>Because the hormone initiates a cascade of reactions in the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location of receptors for steroid hormones?

    <p>In the cell cytoplasm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hormone receptors?

    <p>To initiate hormonal effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the formation of a hormone-receptor complex?

    <p>The function of the receptor is altered</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the type of hormone that will act on a particular tissue?

    <p>The specificity of the receptor for a particular hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical location of receptors for thyroid hormones?

    <p>In the cell nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason why hormone receptors are specific for a particular hormone?

    <p>Because the receptor is highly specific for a particular hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the activation of a hormone receptor?

    <p>The target tissue is stimulated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of steroid hormones in the body?

    <p>They are synthesized from cholesterol and are not stored.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common feature of hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex, ovaries, testes, and placenta?

    <p>They are all steroid hormones.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the smallest size of peptides that can be considered hormones?

    <p>Three amino acids.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location where polypeptide and protein hormones are synthesized in endocrine cells?

    <p>Rough endoplasmic reticulum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for polypeptides with fewer than 100 amino acids?

    <p>Peptides.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which preprohormones are converted into smaller prohormones?

    <p>Cleavage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the anatomical location of the parathyroid glands?

    <p>Behind the thyroid gland.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for hormones that are synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine?

    <p>Derivatives of tyrosine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of stimulatory G proteins in hormone signaling?

    <p>To increase the activity of intracellular enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism by which lipid-soluble hormones interact with receptors inside the cell?

    <p>They cross the cell membrane and interact with receptors in the cytoplasm or nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the activated hormone-receptor complex binding with the hormone response element?

    <p>Activation of transcription of target genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of janus kinase 2 (JAK2) in the leptin receptor signaling pathway?

    <p>To phosphorylate and activate STAT proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of hormones that bind with protein receptors inside the cell?

    <p>They are lipid-soluble</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the leptin receptor signaling pathway?

    <p>Activation of transcription of target genes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the hormone response element in the cell?

    <p>To bind with the activated hormone-receptor complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of G proteins in hormone signaling?

    <p>To couple hormone receptors to stimulatory or inhibitory signaling pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones?

    <p>To control secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)?

    <p>A single chain of 3 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary action of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)?

    <p>Stimulates secretion of ACTH by corticotropes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)?

    <p>Inhibits synthesis and secretion of prolactin by lactotropes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the composition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)?

    <p>A single chain of 44 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of growth hormone inhibitory hormone (somatostatin)?

    <p>Inhibits secretion of growth hormone by somatotropes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hypothalamic releasing and inhibitory hormones reach the anterior pituitary gland?

    <p>Through the hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the structure of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)?

    <p>A single chain of 10 amino acids</p> Signup and view all the answers

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