Endocrine system
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Questions and Answers

Loops occur in response to high hormone levels signaling the body to decrease levels of that hormone and keep it at appropriate levels.

  • Negative feedback (correct)
  • Positive feedback
  • -
  • -

    • Example of this feedback loop is when thyroid hormones reach a certain level and the hypothalamus stops releasing thyroid stimulating hormone (most of the endocrine system is controlled this way)

  • Negative feedback (correct)
  • Positive feedback
  • -
  • -

    • Loops occur when hormone levels rise in response to some sort of stimulus when an outside factor is required to shut off the feedback cycle

  • Negative feedback
  • Positive feedback (correct)
  • -
  • -

    • Example of this feedback loop is labor contractions in response to oxytocin levels during parturition. Oxytocin levels continue to rise and uterine contractions increase until the neonate is delivered and the pressure is stopped

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones produced by the body itself

    <p>Endogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are hormones typically used for in veterinary practice

    <p>Both B and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones used in veterinary practice to correct an imbalance or achieve a desired effect, can be either synthetic or naturally derived

    <p>Exogenous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glands and the hormones produced

    <p>Oxytocin, ADH, Gonadotropin releasing hormone, etc = Hypothalamus Estrogen, progesterone = Ovaries Insulin, glucagon = Pancreas Thyroxin, calcitonin = Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Glands and their physiologic function

    <p>Control of pituitary gland = Hypothalamus Female sex characteristics and pregnancy maintenance = Ovaries Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream = Parathyroid gland Metabolism, regulates calcium levels in bone = Thyroid gland</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hormones produced and their physiological function

    <p>Female sex characteristics and pregnancy maintenance = Estrogen, progesterone Decreases blood glucose levels, increases blood glucose levels = Insulin, glucagon Regulates calcium and phosphorus levels in the bloodstream = Parathyroid hormone Metabolism, regulates calcium levels in the bone = Thyroxin, calcitonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Produces

    <p>Triiodothyronine = T3 Thyroxin = T4</p> <ul> <li>= - 1 = 1</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    T3 and T4 are produced in combination with

    <p>Iodine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    T3 and T4 regulate the body's metabolism by stimulating cells in the body to produce proteins, this increases metabolism and leads to what

    <p>Both A and C</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyper or hypo

    <p>Bradycardia, lethargy, bilateral hair loss, dull brittle hair coat, dry flaky skin with possible skin infections = Hypothyroidism Increased appetite, tachycardia, polyuria and polydipsia, palpable enlargement of the thyroid gland = Hyperthyroidism</p> <ul> <li>= - 1 = 2</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    A condition generally specific to feline patients

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatment is supplementation of levothyroxine by synthetic means and monitoring of T3 and T4 blood levels

    <p>Hypothyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatment drug for hyperthyroidism

    <p>Methimazole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can be treated with a diet that limits iodine content to prevent absorption of iodine by the thyroid gland

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatment can involve thyroidectomy or administration of radioactive iodine (1-131)

    <p>Hyperthyroidism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can cause thrombocytopenia and HMA in cats

    <p>Propylthiouracil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match complications and warning

    <p>May include arrhythmias when given IV, Pts weight should be monitored and adjustments made if weight drops. Monitor T4 levels = Levothyroxine sodium Wear gloves when applying transdermal patch, also must be compounded , T4 levels and cardiac renal functions need to be monitored = Methimazole</p> <ul> <li>= - 1 = 2</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Its function in the endocrine is production of hormones to control blood sugar level, its function in the GI system is production of enzymes that aid in digestion

    <p>Pancreas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    ________ helps the body utilize glucose, it is continuously secreted by the beta cells of the pancreas at a low level and secretion is increased in response to blood sugar levels. When blood glucose levels fall, the secretion of this hormone by the pancreatic islet beta cells decreases

    <p>Insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Increases glucose levels in the blood and is secreted by the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose is low. When blood glucose is high none of this hormone is secreted by the alpha cells

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Has its greatest effect on the liver, causing it to release glucose stored in its cells into the bloodstream

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Drug name and common use

    <p>Treatment of diabetes insipidus = Desmopressin acetate Treatment of polyuria due to diabetes insipidus = Vasopressin</p> <ul> <li>= - 1 = 1</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Caused by a lack of or reduction in the amount f ADH in the body, resulting in the kidneys being unable to absorb water

    <p>Diabetes insipidus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Disorder of fat, carbohydrate and protein metabolism caused by a lack of insulin or the inefficient use or production of insulin

    <p>Diabetes mellitus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Diabetes mellitus

    <p>Increased thirst and urination, weight loss, increased hunger = Early clinical signs Anorexia, lethargy, depression, vomiting = Clinical signs that develop over time = = =</p> <ul> <li>= -</li> </ul> Signup and view all the answers

    Most cats have

    <p>Noninsulin-dependent diabetes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insulin that must be shaken (any other insulin should not be shaken because the drug will clump resulting in inactivation of the insulin)

    <p>Vetsulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Type of insulin mostly used in cats

    <p>Long acting insulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adrenocortical insufficiency/hypoadrenocorticism/hypocortisolism is known as what

    <p>Addison's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A deficient production of corticosteroids and mineralocorticoids

    <p>Addison's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Clinical signs are Lethargy, muscular weakness, anorexia, low body temp, bradycardia, vomiting, diarrhea, polyuria and polydipsia

    <p>Addison's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hyperadrenocorticism/excessive glucocorticoid production is known as what

    <p>Cushing's disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for the ACTH stimulation test (more than one answer

    <p>Corticotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commonly used for hypoadrenocoticism, high doses may cause pt to show signs of hyperadrenocorticism

    <p>Desoxycorticosterone/percorten-v</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used for Cushing's disease, too much can destroy adrenal glands and cause Addison's disease. May cause vomiting lethargy, and ataxia at the start of the treatment.

    <p>Mitotane/lysodren</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match

    <p>Used for cushings, high doses may cause hyperactivity = Selegiline/anipryl Used for cushings, owners should be warned about signs of addisonian crisis = Trilostane/vetoryl Used for cushings, may cause vomiting, lethargy, ataxia, and anorexia at the start of treatment = Mitotane/lysodren Used for addisons disease, high doses may cause pt to show signs of hyperadrenocorticism = Desoxycorticosterone/percorten-v</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Used to treat pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism, adrenal-dependent hyperadrenocorticism in dogs, feline pituitary-dependent hyperadrenocorticism and equine hyperadrenocorticism

    <p>Trilostane/vetoryl</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is cushing's disease diagnoses

    <p>ACTH stimulation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is addison's disease diagnosed

    <p>ACTH stimulation test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does treatment of addison's disease involve

    <p>Administration of long-acting mineralocorticoids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commonly used for estrus suppression (equine), regulation of estrus synchronization (equine & porcine), maintenance of pregnancy

    <p>Altrenogest/regu-mate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commonly used for estrogen-responsive urinary incontinency; previously used to prevent pregnancy in cases of unintended canine or feline mating

    <p>Diethylstilbestrol/DES</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cattle estrus synchronization

    <p>Dinoprost/lutalyse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Treatment of urinary incontinence in dogs (do not administer to pregnant animals

    <p>Estriol/incurin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can give to anemic animals to stimulate production of RBC

    <p>Nandrolone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Can be used for estrus suppression in dogs but can cause pyometra

    <p>Mibolerone/cheque drops</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Steroids can be used for incontinent animals

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primary sex steroid (especially for cattle going to slaughter) bc it increases water retention, protein synthesis, growth hormone release and fat deposition

    <p>Estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Give to kids that are not growing

    <p>Somatotropin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Use for treatment of non regenerative anemia or secondary anemia due to renal failure

    <p>Epoetin alfa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hormonal Feedback Loops

    • High hormone levels trigger feedback loops to decrease the hormone's concentration, maintaining homeostasis.
    • Example: Thyroid hormones, when elevated, inhibit the hypothalamus from releasing thyroid stimulating hormone.
    • Feedback cycles can also be activated by external stimuli, e.g., oxytocin during labor, leading to contractions until delivery.

    Hormones in Veterinary Medicine

    • Hormones are used in veterinary practice to correct imbalances or achieve specific therapeutic effects, available as synthetic or natural forms.
    • Common veterinary treatments for conditions related to hormone imbalances.

    Thyroid Hormones: T3 and T4

    • T3 and T4 are produced by the thyroid gland and regulate metabolism by stimulating protein synthesis in cells.
    • Hyperthyroidism is notably treated with synthetic levothyroxine, monitoring T3 and T4 levels in the blood.
    • Alternative treatments for hyperthyroidism include iodine-restricted diets, thyroidectomy, or radioactive iodine therapy.

    Pancreatic Hormones and Functions

    • Insulin is secreted by pancreatic beta cells, facilitating glucose utilization and regulating blood sugar levels.
    • Glucagon, released by alpha cells, increases blood glucose levels during hypoglycemia.
    • Each hormone's secretion is influenced by current blood glucose levels.

    Diabetes Mellitus in Cats

    • Characterized by impaired insulin production or utilization, leading to abnormal metabolism of fats, carbohydrates, and proteins.
    • Most cats diagnosed with diabetes mellitus require insulin treatment, which must be handled carefully (shaken if necessary).

    Adrenocortical Disorders

    • Adrenal insufficiency (hypoadrenocorticism/Addison's disease) leads to deficient corticosteroid production, with clinical signs including lethargy and bradycardia.
    • Cushing's disease (hyperadrenocorticism) involves excessive glucocorticoid production, with treatment risks including potential adrenal damage.
    • Diagnosis of both conditions involves specific tests, including the ACTH stimulation test.

    Treatment for Hormonal Disorders

    • Estrus regulation in equine and porcine species utilizes hormones for synchronization and maintenance of pregnancy.
    • Medications used for urinary incontinence in dogs may increase the risk of pyometra.
    • Primary sex steroids, such as those prescribed to cattle, promote growth and protein synthesis.

    Hematological Applications

    • Certain hormones stimulate red blood cell production in anemic animals.
    • Hormonal treatments may also support growth in kids not meeting developmental milestones.

    Additional Considerations

    • Caution is necessary when administering steroids to avoid complications in animals.
    • Veterinary use of hormones encompasses a range of conditions and treatments, focusing on restoring physiological balance.

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