10 Questions
What type of communication occurs when a hormone acts on adjacent cells?
Paracrine
Which of the following regulatory functions is NOT controlled by the endocrine system?
Muscle contraction
What is the function of the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal?
To control the rate of secretion of hormones
What is the effect of excessive growth hormone before adolescence?
Gigantism
Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the release of cortisol?
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (Corticotropin)
What is the primary function of oxytocin in the female reproductive system?
Stimulate uterine contractions
What is the source of iodine necessary for thyroid hormone formation?
Iodized salt
What is the effect of excessive thyroid hormones on children?
Excessive skeletal growth
What is the primary function of parathyroid hormone?
Regulate calcium levels
What is the treatment for hypothyroidism in children?
Hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Study Notes
Endocrine System
- Communicates through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine methods
- Regulatory functions include metabolism, food intake and digestion, tissue development, ion levels, water balance, cardiovascular, blood glucose, reproductive function, uterine contraction, milk release, and immune system
Hormones
- Hyper means excess, hypo means deficient
- Hypothalamus controls pituitary gland through releasing and inhibitory hormones
- Hormones pass through the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal to control secretion rates
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
- Also known as the master gland of hormones
- Pea-sized gland located in sella turcica, connected to the hypothalamus via the pituitary stalk
- Surgery: hypophysectomy, can be done transsphenoidal
- Two parts: anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
- Growth hormone (somatropin) promotes body protein synthesis, decreases fat stores, conserves carbs, and affects tissue sensitivity to insulin
- Excessive growth hormone can lead to gigantism (before adolescence) or acromegaly (after adolescence)
- Adrenocorticotropic hormone (corticotropin) stimulates cortisol release, increasing blood sugar, decreasing immune response, and increasing bone resorption
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (thyrotropin) stimulates T3 and T4 release
- Follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone stimulate estrogen and progesterone release, respectively
- Prolactin promotes mammary gland development and milk production
Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and milk letdown reflex
- Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) conserves fluid and is a potent vasoconstrictor
Thyroid Gland
- Located below the larynx, on each side of the trachea
- Secretes thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), and calcitonin
- Composed of follicles filled with colloid containing thyroglobulin
- Iodine is necessary for thyroid hormone formation, obtained from iodized salt
- T3 and T4 are stored for 2-4 months, deficiency is not immediately observed, and systemic effects are slow onset and long duration
- Affects growth, mainly in children, can lead to cretinism (hypothyroidism) or excessive skeletal growth (hyperthyroidism)
This quiz covers the functions and types of communication in the endocrine system, including autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine signaling, as well as regulatory functions such as metabolism, digestion, and reproductive functions. It also touches on hyper and hypo conditions and the role of the hypothalamus.
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