Hormonal Effects and Disorders of Sex Development

<p>Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To gain insights into the interplay of genetics, hormones, and behavior in sexual development (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chromosomal sex is a fixed genetic trait, while sexual differentiation is a dynamic process. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Individuals with two X chromosomes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To ethically study human DSDs without harming human subjects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The influence of hormonal exposure on sexually dimorphic behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prenatally or perinatally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Activational effects temporarily influence behavior, while organizational effects cause permanent changes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They had similar behaviors to control males. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gonadectomy to eliminate natural hormone influences. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They depend on the earlier organizational effects of hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To compare the effects of high and low doses of testosterone. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They organize the nervous system and activate behaviors later. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It permanently masculinizes both genitalia and the brain. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They exhibit male-typical behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is determined by the ratio of circulating steroid hormones. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent natural hormone exposure. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Additional testosterone exposure in adulthood. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Females produce larger, more resource-rich gametes than males. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>There is a sensitive window where hormones shape brain development. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It initiates the development of testes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Female-typical sexual behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Males typically have a lower body fat percentage than females. (A), Males typically have a higher bone density than females. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormonal sex can be different from gonadal sex. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They did not exhibit any male-typical behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regression of the Wolffian duct. (A), Development of the Müllerian duct. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It promotes the development of the Müllerian duct. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They are influenced by circulating sex hormones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>XXXXX Syndrome (B), XXXX Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases genetic diversity, enhancing adaptability to environmental changes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Faster population growth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reproduction where females produce offspring that are genetically identical to them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Insects (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>XXXX Syndrome (A), XXXXX Syndrome (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sexual reproduction creates genetic diversity which helps organisms adapt to changing environments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased vulnerability to pathogens specialized to a single genotype. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prenatal stress can alter testosterone receptor expression, potentially influencing play behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>SRY (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal diet and exposure to endocrine disruptors can alter androgen receptor sensitivity, influencing toy choices. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Estrogen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cultural norms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>FOXP2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Early experiences can modify FOXP2 expression via epigenetic changes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aggression (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxytocin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OXTR (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic stress can increase CRHR1 gene expression, leading to greater sensitivity to cortisol. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Testosterone and cortisol are primarily responsible for &quot;fight-or-flight&quot; responses while oxytocin encourages &quot;tend-and-befriend&quot; responses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hormones interact with genetic and environmental factors to shape an individual's sex-specific behaviors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A condition with two extra sex chromosomes in males, linked to tall stature and various developmental issues.

A genetic disorder in females characterized by two extra X chromosomes, resulting in developmental delays and short stature.

A severe disorder in males with three extra X chromosomes, leading to developmental and intellectual challenges.

A genetic condition in females with three extra X chromosomes, causing significant developmental and language delays.

A reproductive method where offspring are genetically identical to the parent, lacking genetic variation.

A type of asexual reproduction where females produce offspring without fertilization.

A reproductive process involving two parents, resulting in genetic diversity among offspring.

The benefits that certain traits provide organisms in terms of survival and reproduction.

Sex with two different sex chromosomes (XY in mammals, ZW in birds).

Sex determined by the presence of ovaries or testes.

Gene on the Y chromosome that initiates testicular development.

Condition in XY individuals developing as female due to non-functional androgen receptors.

Process where accessory sex organs are feminized or masculinized.

Refers to the type of gametes produced: ova or sperm.

Determined by the ratio of circulating steroid hormones.

Men have higher testosterone, women have higher estrogen levels.

The immediate mechanistic cause of behavior including genetic, neural, hormonal, and environmental influences.

Hypothesis explaining hormonal influence on behavior through early neural shaping and later behavioral triggering.

Hormonal actions during critical growth periods that shape neural circuits for long-term changes.

Temporary hormonal effects later in life that trigger behaviors based on pre-established neural circuits.

Congenital and acquired syndromes that affect sexual differentiation, leading to variations in sexual identity.

A genetic condition affecting adrenal hormone production, impacting sexual development and characteristics.

Defined by the sex chromosomes inherited at fertilization, determining an individual's sexual characteristics.

Brain pathways that are shaped by early hormone exposure to respond to later hormonal signals.

A primary hormone that drives organizational effects in the development of male characteristics.

An experiment studying hormone effects on behavior using prenatal manipulation in guinea pigs.

Female guinea pigs exposed to high testosterone, developing male-like external genitalia.

Surgical removal of gonads in animals, used to eliminate natural hormone influence in experiments.

The idea that prenatal hormones permanently shape the nervous system's structure.

The concept that hormones activate pre-existing neural circuits in adults rather than create new behaviors.

Sensitive windows during development when hormones can influence brain organization irreversibly.

Testosterone masculinizes not only external genitalia but also the brain during development.

Females injected with testosterone early develop male-like brain organization but need testosterone in adulthood for male behaviors.

An experiment focusing on the effects of hormonal exposure during sensitive periods of development.

Experiment manipulation that prevents natural hormone exposure affecting early development.

Even in unmodified females, early hormones can alter brain function leading to masculinized behaviors.

Hormones influence the development of sex-specific behaviors through genetics, environment, and hormones.

Boys engage more in intense physical play compared to girls, often encouraged by social factors.

Boys prefer mechanical toys, while girls gravitate towards nurturing toys, influenced by genes and environment.

Girls generally show higher verbal fluency and better language processing than boys.

Boys typically excel at spatial reasoning and navigation tasks compared to girls.

Boys exhibit more physical aggression and risk-taking behavior than girls.

Girls tend to have higher empathy and better social sensitivity, compared to boys.

Boys are more likely to respond to stress with 'fight-or-flight', while girls often tend-and-befriend.

Estrogen enhances verbal fluency and emotional processing in females.

Specific genes, like SRY, influence sexually dimorphic behaviors and traits.

Environmental factors can modify gene expression, impacting behaviors and preferences.

Oxytocin is involved in social bonding and emotional processing, more active in females.

The 'warrior gene' relates to aggression regulation, influencing male behavior.

Cortisol influences stress responses differently in males and females.