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Questions and Answers
How much does the capacity of the uterus increase during pregnancy?
How much does the capacity of the uterus increase during pregnancy?
What is one effect of increased progesterone on the gastrointestinal system?
What is one effect of increased progesterone on the gastrointestinal system?
What typically causes edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
What typically causes edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
Which of the following hormones primarily leads to nasal and sinus congestion during pregnancy?
Which of the following hormones primarily leads to nasal and sinus congestion during pregnancy?
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What is the average increase in red blood cell (RBC) volume during pregnancy?
What is the average increase in red blood cell (RBC) volume during pregnancy?
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Which statement about the changes in the weight of the uterus is correct?
Which statement about the changes in the weight of the uterus is correct?
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What can help relieve edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
What can help relieve edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
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Which of the following statements about urinary system changes is true during pregnancy?
Which of the following statements about urinary system changes is true during pregnancy?
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How do hormonal changes during pregnancy affect respiratory function?
How do hormonal changes during pregnancy affect respiratory function?
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What dietary change might be necessary due to changes in lab values during pregnancy?
What dietary change might be necessary due to changes in lab values during pregnancy?
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What physiological change in the uterus occurs during pregnancy that contributes to the formation of a protective barrier?
What physiological change in the uterus occurs during pregnancy that contributes to the formation of a protective barrier?
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Which statement accurately reflects hormonal influences on gastrointestinal function during pregnancy?
Which statement accurately reflects hormonal influences on gastrointestinal function during pregnancy?
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What is a significant indicator of increased blood flow to the uterus at term?
What is a significant indicator of increased blood flow to the uterus at term?
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Which hormone's effect primarily contributes to nasal and sinus congestion during pregnancy?
Which hormone's effect primarily contributes to nasal and sinus congestion during pregnancy?
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What anatomical change occurs due to increased venous pressure in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
What anatomical change occurs due to increased venous pressure in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
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Which symptom may arise from estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandins causing smooth muscle relaxation during pregnancy?
Which symptom may arise from estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandins causing smooth muscle relaxation during pregnancy?
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Which adaptation is NOT typically seen in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?
Which adaptation is NOT typically seen in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?
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What is a common effect of increased progesterone on the renal system during pregnancy?
What is a common effect of increased progesterone on the renal system during pregnancy?
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What physiological process helps alleviate edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
What physiological process helps alleviate edema in the lower extremities during pregnancy?
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What is the impact of progesterone on smooth muscle in the digestive system during pregnancy?
What is the impact of progesterone on smooth muscle in the digestive system during pregnancy?
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What is the primary function of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy?
What is the primary function of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy?
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Which hormone specifically prepares the breasts for lactation?
Which hormone specifically prepares the breasts for lactation?
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What role does the placenta play during pregnancy?
What role does the placenta play during pregnancy?
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What is the function of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
What is the function of amniotic fluid during pregnancy?
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Which statement about the umbilical cord is true?
Which statement about the umbilical cord is true?
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What is the earliest stage at which the fetal heart begins to beat?
What is the earliest stage at which the fetal heart begins to beat?
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At what point in pregnancy can chorionic villus sampling be performed for genetic testing?
At what point in pregnancy can chorionic villus sampling be performed for genetic testing?
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Which screening is typically performed between Weeks 24-28 of pregnancy?
Which screening is typically performed between Weeks 24-28 of pregnancy?
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What significant change occurs in the mother's blood volume during pregnancy?
What significant change occurs in the mother's blood volume during pregnancy?
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When does the 'quickening', or first awareness of fetal movement, typically occur?
When does the 'quickening', or first awareness of fetal movement, typically occur?
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Which of the following is NOT a common physiological change experienced throughout pregnancy?
Which of the following is NOT a common physiological change experienced throughout pregnancy?
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What condition may arise due to compression of the inferior vena cava during pregnancy?
What condition may arise due to compression of the inferior vena cava during pregnancy?
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What is the significance of the placenta beginning to form during the embryonic phase?
What is the significance of the placenta beginning to form during the embryonic phase?
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What is the primary role of Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) during pregnancy?
What is the primary role of Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) during pregnancy?
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Which hormone is exclusively produced by the developing placenta and is essential for the early detection of pregnancy?
Which hormone is exclusively produced by the developing placenta and is essential for the early detection of pregnancy?
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What function does the umbilical cord serve in relation to the fetus?
What function does the umbilical cord serve in relation to the fetus?
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What role does the placenta NOT play during pregnancy?
What role does the placenta NOT play during pregnancy?
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Which statement accurately describes the function of amniotic fluid?
Which statement accurately describes the function of amniotic fluid?
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At what gestational week can the anatomy scan ultrasound be performed during pregnancy?
At what gestational week can the anatomy scan ultrasound be performed during pregnancy?
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What physiological change is characterized by increased smooth muscle relaxation during pregnancy?
What physiological change is characterized by increased smooth muscle relaxation during pregnancy?
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Which condition is associated with compression of the inferior vena cava in pregnant women?
Which condition is associated with compression of the inferior vena cava in pregnant women?
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When is gestational diabetes screening typically performed during pregnancy?
When is gestational diabetes screening typically performed during pregnancy?
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What is the purpose of administering Rhogam during pregnancy?
What is the purpose of administering Rhogam during pregnancy?
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Which of the following is NOT typically included in the initial prenatal visit?
Which of the following is NOT typically included in the initial prenatal visit?
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What major change occurs in the placenta during the embryonic phase?
What major change occurs in the placenta during the embryonic phase?
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Which term refers to the earliest detection of fetal movement by the mother?
Which term refers to the earliest detection of fetal movement by the mother?
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What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining early pregnancy?
What hormone is primarily responsible for maintaining early pregnancy?
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Which organ develops during pregnancy to facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and fetus?
Which organ develops during pregnancy to facilitate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the mother and fetus?
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What is the role of Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) during pregnancy?
What is the role of Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) during pregnancy?
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Which of the following statements best describes the function of amniotic fluid?
Which of the following statements best describes the function of amniotic fluid?
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How does the umbilical cord contribute to fetal development?
How does the umbilical cord contribute to fetal development?
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What significant prenatal screening is performed between Weeks 10 to 14?
What significant prenatal screening is performed between Weeks 10 to 14?
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At what gestational week can amniocentesis be performed for genetic testing?
At what gestational week can amniocentesis be performed for genetic testing?
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During which trimester is the placenta first formed?
During which trimester is the placenta first formed?
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Which physiological change commonly occurs as pregnancy progresses, affecting the gastrointestinal system?
Which physiological change commonly occurs as pregnancy progresses, affecting the gastrointestinal system?
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What is the primary purpose of the Group B streptococcus (GBS) screening during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of the Group B streptococcus (GBS) screening during pregnancy?
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What condition is characterized by a significant increase in blood volume and red blood cell production during pregnancy?
What condition is characterized by a significant increase in blood volume and red blood cell production during pregnancy?
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What term describes the first awareness of fetal movement experienced by the mother?
What term describes the first awareness of fetal movement experienced by the mother?
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What is typically included in the initial prenatal visit?
What is typically included in the initial prenatal visit?
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What is a characteristic feature of X-linked inheritance conditions?
What is a characteristic feature of X-linked inheritance conditions?
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Which prenatal testing procedure is conducted between 15-20 weeks of gestation?
Which prenatal testing procedure is conducted between 15-20 weeks of gestation?
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What is the primary purpose of performing a nonstress test (NST) during pregnancy?
What is the primary purpose of performing a nonstress test (NST) during pregnancy?
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Which statement accurately describes a symptom of supine hypotensive syndrome?
Which statement accurately describes a symptom of supine hypotensive syndrome?
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What does the GTPAL documentation represent in obstetrics?
What does the GTPAL documentation represent in obstetrics?
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Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for the risk of developing gallstones during pregnancy?
Which of the following factors is primarily responsible for the risk of developing gallstones during pregnancy?
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What characteristic defines the biological process of teratogenesis during pregnancy?
What characteristic defines the biological process of teratogenesis during pregnancy?
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What is the role of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
What is the role of the ductus venosus in fetal circulation?
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Which component of prenatal care includes assessments such as HIV and syphilis testing?
Which component of prenatal care includes assessments such as HIV and syphilis testing?
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What is a common early sign of pregnancy that is classified as presumptive?
What is a common early sign of pregnancy that is classified as presumptive?
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Which statement accurately describes a positive sign of pregnancy?
Which statement accurately describes a positive sign of pregnancy?
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What is the primary implication of the supine hypotensive syndrome during pregnancy?
What is the primary implication of the supine hypotensive syndrome during pregnancy?
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Which condition is associated with x-linked inheritance?
Which condition is associated with x-linked inheritance?
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What is the earliest gestational age at which chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can be performed?
What is the earliest gestational age at which chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can be performed?
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Which of the following statements about prenatal education topics is true for the 3rd trimester?
Which of the following statements about prenatal education topics is true for the 3rd trimester?
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What is the purpose of a nonstress test (NST) during pregnancy?
What is the purpose of a nonstress test (NST) during pregnancy?
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Which genetic disorder is an example of recessive inheritance?
Which genetic disorder is an example of recessive inheritance?
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Which term refers to the documentation method summarizing gravidity and outcomes of pregnancies?
Which term refers to the documentation method summarizing gravidity and outcomes of pregnancies?
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Which physiological change is primarily associated with the musculoskeletal system during pregnancy?
Which physiological change is primarily associated with the musculoskeletal system during pregnancy?
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What is a common method for alleviating heartburn during pregnancy?
What is a common method for alleviating heartburn during pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Uterine Changes
- The uterus increases in size from approximately 2 ounces to 2.5 pounds during pregnancy, accommodating the growing fetus.
Progesterone Effects
- Progesterone, a hormone elevated during pregnancy, can cause constipation by slowing down gastrointestinal motility.
Edema
- Edema, or swelling, in the lower extremities during pregnancy is primarily caused by an increase in blood volume and pressure combined with delayed venous return due to the growing uterus.
Nasal and Sinus Congestion
- Estrogen, a primary hormone during pregnancy responsible for nasal and sinus congestion, is a major contributor.
Red Blood Cell Volume
- The average increase in the volume of red blood cells during pregnancy is around 30%.
Uterine Weight
- The uterus's weight can increase to approximately 2.5 pounds by the end of pregnancy.
Edema Relief
- Elevating the legs, wearing compression stockings, avoiding prolonged standing, and staying hydrated can help alleviate edema during pregnancy.
Urinary System
- The kidneys work harder during pregnancy to filter the increased blood volume, leading to more frequent urination.
Respiratory Function
- Hormonal changes can cause increased tidal volume and respiratory rate, leading to hyperventilation.
Dietary Change
- The increased demand for iron during pregnancy may necessitate the inclusion of iron-rich foods in the diet.
Uterine Changes
- The uterine muscle increases in size and thickness throughout pregnancy, creating a barrier to protect the baby.
Gastrointestinal Function
- Hormonal changes, particularly progesterone, can lead to gastrointestinal changes like heartburn and constipation.
Blood Flow to the Uterus
- Increased blood flow to the uterus at term is a significant indication of the uterus efficiently providing for the fetus.
Hormonal and Sinus Congestion
- Estrogen is the hormone primarily responsible for nasal and sinus congestion during pregnancy.
Venous Pressure Changes
- Enlarged veins in the lower extremities occur due to increased venous pressure during pregnancy.
Smooth Muscle Relaxation
- Smooth muscle relaxation caused by estrogen, progesterone, and prostaglandins during pregnancy can lead to hemorrhoids.
Cardiovascular System
- Increased heart rate and blood volume are common adaptations in the cardiovascular system; decreased blood pressure is not.
Renal System
- Progesterone can cause increased renal blood flow and glomerular filtration rate during pregnancy.
Edema Alleviation
- The lymphatic system plays a vital role in draining excess fluid, helping alleviate edema during pregnancy.
Smooth Muscle Impact
- Progesterone relaxes smooth muscle in the digestive system leading to issues like constipation and heartburn.
hCG Function
- The primary function of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG) during early pregnancy is to maintain the corpus luteum and keep the pregnancy going.
Lactation Preparation
- Prolactin is the hormone responsible for preparing the breasts for lactation.
Placenta Role
- The placenta is the organ responsible for nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus.
Amniotic Fluid Function
- Amniotic fluid serves as a cushion for the fetus, regulates temperature, and allows for fetal movement.
Umbilical Cord
- The umbilical cord contains blood vessels that transport oxygen and nutrients from the placenta to the fetus.
Fetal Heartbeat
- The earliest detectable fetal heartbeat is typically around 5 weeks of gestation.
Chorionic Villus Sampling
- Chorionic villus sampling can be performed for genetic testing between 10 and 13 weeks of gestation.
Prenatal Screening
- The quadruple screen, a test for various chromosomal abnormalities, is conducted between weeks 24 and 28 of gestation.
Blood Volume Change
- The mother's blood volume increases by approximately 40-50% during pregnancy.
Fetal Movement Awareness
- The first awareness of fetal movement, known as "quickening," occurs around weeks 18-20 of gestation.
Physiological Change
- Increased blood volume is a common change throughout pregnancy.
Inferioir Vena Cava Compression
- Supine hypotensive syndrome, caused by compression of the inferior vena cava when lying on the back, can lead to dizziness and low blood pressure.
Placenta Formation
- The formation of the placenta during the embryonic phase is crucial for providing nutrients and oxygen to the developing fetus.
hPL Role
- Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) plays a significant role in regulating maternal metabolism, providing energy for the developing fetus.
hCG Role
- Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG), produced by the developing placenta, is a critical indicator for early pregnancy detection.
Umbilical Cord Function
- The umbilical cord serves as a pathway for the exchange of nutrients and waste between the mother and fetus.
Placenta Role
- The placenta does not play a role in regulating the mother's blood pressure.
Amniotic Fluid Function
- Amniotic fluid provides a protective cushion for the fetus, helps maintain a constant temperature, and allows for fetal movement.
Anatomy Scan
- The fetal anatomy scan ultrasound is typically performed between 18 and 22 weeks of gestation.
Smooth Muscle Relaxation
- Throughout pregnancy, increased smooth muscle relaxation is a physiological change that can lead to issues like hemorrhoids and heartburn.
Inferior Vena Cava Compression
- Supine hypotensive syndrome is associated with compression of the inferior vena cava.
Gestational Diabetes Screening
- Gestational diabetes screening is usually conducted between weeks 24 and 28 of pregnancy.
Rhogam
- Rhogam is administered to Rh-negative mothers who are exposed to Rh-positive blood to prevent the development of antibodies that could harm future pregnancies.
Initial Prenatal Visit
- A physical exam, a review of medical history, and risk assessments are typically included in the initial prenatal visit.
Placenta Change
- During the embryonic phase, the placenta begins to form as a structure that facilitates the exchange between the mother and fetus.
Quickening
- The earliest detection of fetal movement by the mother is called quickening.
Early Pregnancy Maintenance
- Progesterone plays a crucial role in maintaining pregnancy in the early stages.
Organ Development
- The placenta, which develops during pregnancy, is responsible for nutrient and gas exchange between the mother and fetus.
hPL Role
- Human Placental Lactogen (hPL) helps regulate maternal metabolism and provide energy for the developing fetus.
Amniotic Fluid Function
- Amniotic fluid cushions and protects the fetus, helps maintain a constant temperature, and allows for fetal movement.
Umbilical Cord Contribution
- The umbilical cord carries oxygen and nutrients from the mother to the fetus and waste products away from the fetus.
Prenatal Screening
- Nuchal translucency screening is a common prenatal screening performed between weeks 10 and 14 of gestation.
Amniocentesis
- Amniocentesis can be performed between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation for genetic testing.
Placenta First Formed
- The placenta begins to form during the first trimester (first 12 weeks) of pregnancy.
Gastrointestinal Change
- Heartburn, a common symptom of pregnancy, is often caused by hormonal changes that relax the muscles around the stomach.
Group B Streptococcus (GBS) Screening
- The Group B Streptococcus (GBS) screening, performed around 35-37 weeks of pregnancy, is done to detect GBS bacteria in the mother's vagina.
Increased Blood Volume and Red Blood Cell Production
- Polycythemia, characterized by increased blood volume and red blood cell production, is a common physiological change during pregnancy.
Fetal Movement Awareness
- Quickening is the first time a mother feels her baby move.
Initial Prenatal Visit
- The initial prenatal visit includes a physical exam, a review of medical history, a discussion of risk factors, and the initiation of prenatal care.
X-Linked Inheritance
- X-linked inheritance refers to conditions carried on the X chromosome, which can be passed from a mother to her son.
Prenatal Testing
- Amniocentesis, a prenatal testing procedure, is performed between 15 and 20 weeks of gestation.
Nonstress Test (NST)
- A nonstress test (NST) is performed during pregnancy to monitor the fetal heart rate and assess fetal well-being.
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome
- Dizziness, low blood pressure, and nausea are common symptoms of supine hypotensive syndrome.
GTPAL Documentation
- GTPAL stands for Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortion, Living, and it represents the obstetric history of a woman.
Gallstone Risk
- Hormonal changes and increased cholesterol levels during pregnancy increase the risk of developing gallstones.
Teratogenesis
- Teratogenesis describes the process by which environmental factors can cause birth defects in a developing fetus.
Ductus Venosus Function
- The ductus venosus, a fetal blood vessel, bypasses the liver, allowing oxygenated blood to reach the heart more efficiently.
Prenatal Care Component
- Routine prenatal care often includes blood tests to check for infections such as HIV and syphilis.
Presumptive Sign of Pregnancy
- A missed menstrual period is a common presumptive sign of pregnancy.
Positive Sign of Pregnancy
- Visualization of the fetus via ultrasound is a definitive, positive sign of pregnancy.
Supine Hypotensive Syndrome Implication
- Supine hypotensive syndrome, caused by compression of the inferior vena cava, reduces blood flow to the placenta and potentially affects the fetus.
X-Linked Inheritance
- Hemophilia is an example of a condition inherited in an X-linked manner.
CVS Earliest Gestational Age
- The earliest gestational age at which chorionic villus sampling (CVS) can be performed is 10 weeks.
Prenatal Education 3rd Trimester
- 3rd trimester prenatal education typically focuses on labor and delivery preparation, breastfeeding, and newborn care.
Nonstress Test (NST) Purpose
- A nonstress test (NST) is used to monitor fetal heart rate and assess fetal well-being.
Recessive Inheritance
- Cystic fibrosis is an example of a genetic disorder caused by recessive inheritance.
GTPAL Documentation
- GTPAL is a documentation system that summarizes the obstetric history of a woman, including the number of pregnancies, live births, preterm births, abortions, and living children.
Musculoskeletal System Changes
- Hormonal changes can lead to loosening of ligaments and joints, causing pain and instability.
Heartburn Relief
- Frequent small meals, avoiding spicy foods, and elevating the upper body during sleep can help alleviate heartburn during pregnancy.
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Description
This quiz explores the significant changes in the uterus and hormonal impacts that occur during pregnancy. You will learn about the expansion of the uterus, hormonal influences on smooth muscle, and associated physiological adaptations in various systems. Test your knowledge on how these changes prepare the body for childbirth.