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Questions and Answers
Which hormones are involved in the control of female reproductive cycles?
Which hormones are involved in the control of female reproductive cycles?
- Kisspeptin and luteinizing hormone (LH)
- Kisspeptin and pituitary
- Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (correct)
- Kisspeptin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Which of the following is a characteristic of the estrous cycle?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the estrous cycle?
- Menstruation occurs if pregnancy does not occur
- Sexual activity is limited to the estrous phase (correct)
- Mating season is absent
- Endometrium is reabsorbed
How do menstrual cycles and estrous cycles differ in terms of sexual behavior?
How do menstrual cycles and estrous cycles differ in terms of sexual behavior?
- Menstrual cycles are characterized by being 'in heat', while estrous cycles are not
- Menstrual cycles are associated with large fluctuations in sexual behavior, while estrous cycles show no fluctuations
- Menstrual cycles exhibit sexual activity throughout the cycle, while estrous cycles are limited to the estrous phase (correct)
- Menstrual cycles are influenced by ovarian hormones, while estrous cycles are not
Which hormone signaling alteration can lead to masculinization of the brain in rodents?
Which hormone signaling alteration can lead to masculinization of the brain in rodents?
What can injections of female sex hormones in non-castrated male rats result in?
What can injections of female sex hormones in non-castrated male rats result in?
What is the condition called when females have excess androgen signaling from adrenal glands?
What is the condition called when females have excess androgen signaling from adrenal glands?
Which nucleus in the hypothalamus plays an essential role in female sexual behavior?
Which nucleus in the hypothalamus plays an essential role in female sexual behavior?
Which of the following is a consequence of altering hormone signaling in rodents immediately after birth?
Which of the following is a consequence of altering hormone signaling in rodents immediately after birth?
What is the effect of injecting female sex hormones in non-castrated male rats?
What is the effect of injecting female sex hormones in non-castrated male rats?
Excess androgen signaling from adrenal glands in females can cause masculinization of which of the following?
Excess androgen signaling from adrenal glands in females can cause masculinization of which of the following?
What is the condition called when females have abnormally large amounts of androgen signaling from adrenal glands?
What is the condition called when females have abnormally large amounts of androgen signaling from adrenal glands?
Which nucleus in the hypothalamus plays an essential role in female sexual behavior?
Which nucleus in the hypothalamus plays an essential role in female sexual behavior?
What is the effect of lesioning the mPOA in female rats?
What is the effect of lesioning the mPOA in female rats?
Which neural pathways are important for male sexual behavior?
Which neural pathways are important for male sexual behavior?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of mPOA in rodents?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of mPOA in rodents?
Which area in the mPOA is larger in males than in females?
Which area in the mPOA is larger in males than in females?
Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in the control of puberty?
Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in the control of puberty?
What are the two ovarian hormones that control both menstrual and estrous cycles?
What are the two ovarian hormones that control both menstrual and estrous cycles?
Which type of reproductive cycle is characterized by menstruation, concealed ovulation, and the absence of a mating season?
Which type of reproductive cycle is characterized by menstruation, concealed ovulation, and the absence of a mating season?
Which type of reproductive cycle is characterized by reabsorption of the endometrium and clear outward signs of ovulation and fertility?
Which type of reproductive cycle is characterized by reabsorption of the endometrium and clear outward signs of ovulation and fertility?
Which type of cycle is associated with sexual activity throughout the cycle?
Which type of cycle is associated with sexual activity throughout the cycle?
Which type of cycle is associated with sexual activity only during the estrous phase?
Which type of cycle is associated with sexual activity only during the estrous phase?
How do menstrual cycles and estrous cycles differ in terms of sexual behavior?
How do menstrual cycles and estrous cycles differ in terms of sexual behavior?
Which effects of hormones on the body are largely over by birth?
Which effects of hormones on the body are largely over by birth?
Which hormone signaling alteration can lead to masculinization of the brain in rodents?
Which hormone signaling alteration can lead to masculinization of the brain in rodents?
Do menstrual cycles have significant fluctuations in sexual behavior following the cycle?
Do menstrual cycles have significant fluctuations in sexual behavior following the cycle?
What is the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior referred to as?
What is the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior referred to as?
What are the changes in neurons' excitability and the strength of connections known as?
What are the changes in neurons' excitability and the strength of connections known as?
What is the process of accessing memories known as?
What is the process of accessing memories known as?
What do we refer to as memory traces or memory engrams?
What do we refer to as memory traces or memory engrams?
What is the cellular basis of long-term memory?
What is the cellular basis of long-term memory?
What is the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?
What is the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?
What refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?
What refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?
What determines the current flow through the NMDA channel?
What determines the current flow through the NMDA channel?
Which ions enter a cell through unblocked NMDA receptors?
Which ions enter a cell through unblocked NMDA receptors?
What enzyme is activated by calcium influx through NMDA receptors and plays a role in establishing long-term potentiation?
What enzyme is activated by calcium influx through NMDA receptors and plays a role in establishing long-term potentiation?
What is the cellular basis of learning according to Donald Hebb's hypothesis?
What is the cellular basis of learning according to Donald Hebb's hypothesis?
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in synaptic plasticity?
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in synaptic plasticity?
Which type of learning involves learning to recognize stimuli as distinct entities?
Which type of learning involves learning to recognize stimuli as distinct entities?
What type of learning involves learning to make skilled, choreographed movements?
What type of learning involves learning to make skilled, choreographed movements?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?
What type of learning involves learning relationships among individual stimuli?
What type of learning involves learning relationships among individual stimuli?
What is neuronal plasticity typically measured through?
What is neuronal plasticity typically measured through?
What determines intrinsic excitability of a neuron?
What determines intrinsic excitability of a neuron?
What is referred to as changes in synaptic connection strength between two neurons?
What is referred to as changes in synaptic connection strength between two neurons?
Which invertebrate sea creature exhibits habituation and sensitization?
Which invertebrate sea creature exhibits habituation and sensitization?
What does habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex involve?
What does habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex involve?
What changes occur in sensory neuron excitability during habituation in Aplysia?
What changes occur in sensory neuron excitability during habituation in Aplysia?
What remains unchanged during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex?
What remains unchanged during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex?
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is the role of NMDA receptors in synaptic strength?
What is the role of NMDA receptors in synaptic strength?
What is long-term depression (LTD)?
What is long-term depression (LTD)?
What must coincide for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur?
What must coincide for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur?
What drives presynaptic modifications in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What drives presynaptic modifications in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is the main factor determining synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?
What is the main factor determining synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?
What determines whether a synapse weakens or strengthens in relation to NMDA receptors?
What determines whether a synapse weakens or strengthens in relation to NMDA receptors?
What do we refer to as the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?
What do we refer to as the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?
What is the cellular basis of long-term memory?
What is the cellular basis of long-term memory?
What is the process of accessing memories known as?
What is the process of accessing memories known as?
What is the condition called when there is no physical change in the brain but long-term memory is retained?
What is the condition called when there is no physical change in the brain but long-term memory is retained?
What is the term for the changes in neurons' excitability and the strength of connections?
What is the term for the changes in neurons' excitability and the strength of connections?
What refers to the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?
What refers to the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?
What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?
What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?
What is typically used to directly measure cell excitability and synaptic strength in the brain?
What is typically used to directly measure cell excitability and synaptic strength in the brain?
What is the term for the increased sensitivity to a stimulus exhibited by Aplysia, an invertebrate sea slug?
What is the term for the increased sensitivity to a stimulus exhibited by Aplysia, an invertebrate sea slug?
What remains unchanged during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex?
What remains unchanged during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex?
What is the main factor determining intrinsic excitability of a neuron?
What is the main factor determining intrinsic excitability of a neuron?
What is the term for the changes in synaptic connection strength between two neurons?
What is the term for the changes in synaptic connection strength between two neurons?
What is involved in synaptic plasticity and can include pre- and postsynaptic changes?
What is involved in synaptic plasticity and can include pre- and postsynaptic changes?
What changes during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex include fewer presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels?
What changes during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex include fewer presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels?
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is the role of NMDA receptors in synaptic strength?
What is the role of NMDA receptors in synaptic strength?
What drives presynaptic modifications in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What drives presynaptic modifications in long-term potentiation (LTP)?
What is the condition for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur?
What is the condition for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur?
What is long-term depression (LTD)?
What is long-term depression (LTD)?
What determines synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?
What determines synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?
What ions will enter a cell through unblocked NMDA receptors?
What ions will enter a cell through unblocked NMDA receptors?
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in synaptic plasticity?
What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in synaptic plasticity?
What is the main factor determining synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?
What is the main factor determining synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?
What is the cellular basis of learning according to Donald Hebb's hypothesis?
What is the cellular basis of learning according to Donald Hebb's hypothesis?
What enzyme is activated by calcium influx through NMDA receptors and plays a role in establishing long-term potentiation?
What enzyme is activated by calcium influx through NMDA receptors and plays a role in establishing long-term potentiation?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?
What type of learning involves learning relationships among individual stimuli?
What type of learning involves learning relationships among individual stimuli?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of mPOA in rodents?
What is the effect of electrical stimulation of mPOA in rodents?
What refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?
What refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?
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Study Notes
Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Function
- Neurons can still have action potential if a part of the dendritic spine cell is cut, surviving and maintaining essential functions.
- Neurons can adapt and evolve through experiences, with synapses becoming stronger or weaker based on these experiences.
- Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-term increase in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by high-frequency stimulation.
- LTP is often initiated on the postsynaptic side, but retrograde signaling of nitric oxide can drive presynaptic modifications.
- Long-term depression (LTD) is a long-term decrease in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by persistent low-frequency stimulation.
- LTD is often initiated on the postsynaptic side, but retrograde endocannabinoid signaling can drive presynaptic modifications.
- Both LTP and LTD are a function of the number of times the synapse was activated as well as whether the postsynaptic neuron fired at those precise times.
- The release of neurotransmitter must coincide with a substantial depolarization of the postsynaptic cell for LTP to occur.
- NMDA receptors play a significant role in learning and memory, as they are located in almost every glutamatergic synapse in the brain and act as coincidence detectors.
- The NMDA receptor is sensitive to the presence of glutamate and depolarization, with the amount of calcium influx determining synaptic strength.
- NMDA receptors are a key signal for synaptic strength, with the amount of calcium influx determining whether a synapse weakens or strengthens.
- NMDA receptors act as a coincidence detector, and their role in detecting depolarization and calcium influx determines whether a synapse weakens or strengthens.
Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Function
- Neurons can still have action potential if a part of the dendritic spine cell is cut, surviving and maintaining essential functions.
- Neurons can adapt and evolve through experiences, with synapses becoming stronger or weaker based on these experiences.
- Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-term increase in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by high-frequency stimulation.
- LTP is often initiated on the postsynaptic side, but retrograde signaling of nitric oxide can drive presynaptic modifications.
- Long-term depression (LTD) is a long-term decrease in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by persistent low-frequency stimulation.
- LTD is often initiated on the postsynaptic side, but retrograde endocannabinoid signaling can drive presynaptic modifications.
- Both LTP and LTD are a function of the number of times the synapse was activated as well as whether the postsynaptic neuron fired at those precise times.
- The release of neurotransmitter must coincide with a substantial depolarization of the postsynaptic cell for LTP to occur.
- NMDA receptors play a significant role in learning and memory, as they are located in almost every glutamatergic synapse in the brain and act as coincidence detectors.
- The NMDA receptor is sensitive to the presence of glutamate and depolarization, with the amount of calcium influx determining synaptic strength.
- NMDA receptors are a key signal for synaptic strength, with the amount of calcium influx determining whether a synapse weakens or strengthens.
- NMDA receptors act as a coincidence detector, and their role in detecting depolarization and calcium influx determines whether a synapse weakens or strengthens.
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