Hormonal Control of Puberty and Female Reproductive Cycles Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which hormones are involved in the control of female reproductive cycles?

  • Kisspeptin and luteinizing hormone (LH)
  • Kisspeptin and pituitary
  • Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) (correct)
  • Kisspeptin and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

    • Which of the following is a characteristic of the estrous cycle?

  • Menstruation occurs if pregnancy does not occur
  • Sexual activity is limited to the estrous phase (correct)
  • Mating season is absent
  • Endometrium is reabsorbed

    • How do menstrual cycles and estrous cycles differ in terms of sexual behavior?

  • Menstrual cycles are characterized by being 'in heat', while estrous cycles are not
  • Menstrual cycles are associated with large fluctuations in sexual behavior, while estrous cycles show no fluctuations
  • Menstrual cycles exhibit sexual activity throughout the cycle, while estrous cycles are limited to the estrous phase (correct)
  • Menstrual cycles are influenced by ovarian hormones, while estrous cycles are not

    • Which hormone signaling alteration can lead to masculinization of the brain in rodents?

    <p>Castration at birth</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can injections of female sex hormones in non-castrated male rats result in?

    <p>Partial masculinization of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called when females have excess androgen signaling from adrenal glands?

    <p>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus in the hypothalamus plays an essential role in female sexual behavior?

    <p>Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a consequence of altering hormone signaling in rodents immediately after birth?

    <p>Development of female-typical behaviors in castrated male rodents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of injecting female sex hormones in non-castrated male rats?

    <p>Relatively small behavioral consequences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Excess androgen signaling from adrenal glands in females can cause masculinization of which of the following?

    <p>Body or brain or both</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called when females have abnormally large amounts of androgen signaling from adrenal glands?

    <p>Congenital adrenal hyperplasia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nucleus in the hypothalamus plays an essential role in female sexual behavior?

    <p>Ventromedial nucleus of hypothalamus (VMH)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of lesioning the mPOA in female rats?

    <p>Does not affect sexual behavior, but causes them to ignore their offspring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neural pathways are important for male sexual behavior?

    <p>mPOA → PAG → nPGi → motor neurons in spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?

    <p>Facilitates female sexual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electrical stimulation of mPOA in rodents?

    <p>Elicits male copulatory behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which area in the mPOA is larger in males than in females?

    <p>Sexually dimorphic nucleus (SDN)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain plays a crucial role in the control of puberty?

    <p>Hypothalamus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two ovarian hormones that control both menstrual and estrous cycles?

    <p>Estradiol and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reproductive cycle is characterized by menstruation, concealed ovulation, and the absence of a mating season?

    <p>Menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of reproductive cycle is characterized by reabsorption of the endometrium and clear outward signs of ovulation and fertility?

    <p>Estrous cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cycle is associated with sexual activity throughout the cycle?

    <p>Menstrual cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of cycle is associated with sexual activity only during the estrous phase?

    <p>Estrous cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do menstrual cycles and estrous cycles differ in terms of sexual behavior?

    <p>Menstrual cycles are associated with small fluctuations in sexual behavior, while estrous cycles exhibit clear outward signs of ovulation and fertility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which effects of hormones on the body are largely over by birth?

    <p>Organizational effects on sex organs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone signaling alteration can lead to masculinization of the brain in rodents?

    <p>Androgen signaling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do menstrual cycles have significant fluctuations in sexual behavior following the cycle?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior referred to as?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the changes in neurons' excitability and the strength of connections known as?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of accessing memories known as?

    <p>Memory retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we refer to as memory traces or memory engrams?

    <p>Memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cellular basis of long-term memory?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?

    <p>Learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines the current flow through the NMDA channel?

    <p>Glutamate and membrane voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which ions enter a cell through unblocked NMDA receptors?

    <p>Sodium and calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is activated by calcium influx through NMDA receptors and plays a role in establishing long-term potentiation?

    <p>CaMKII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cellular basis of learning according to Donald Hebb's hypothesis?

    <p>Strengthening of synaptic connections that are active when the postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in synaptic plasticity?

    <p>Acts as a retrograde messenger to promote LTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learning involves learning to recognize stimuli as distinct entities?

    <p>Perceptual learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning involves learning to make skilled, choreographed movements?

    <p>Motor learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?

    <p>Induces sexual behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning involves learning relationships among individual stimuli?

    <p>Relational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is neuronal plasticity typically measured through?

    <p>Intrinsic excitability and synaptic strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines intrinsic excitability of a neuron?

    <p>Number and type of ion channels expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is referred to as changes in synaptic connection strength between two neurons?

    <p>Synaptic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which invertebrate sea creature exhibits habituation and sensitization?

    <p>Aplysia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex involve?

    <p>Changes in sensory neuron excitability and synaptic connection strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes occur in sensory neuron excitability during habituation in Aplysia?

    <p>Fewer action potentials occurring upon touch</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What remains unchanged during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex?

    <p>Motor neuron excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>A long-term increase in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by high-frequency stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NMDA receptors in synaptic strength?

    <p>They act as coincidence detectors, with their role in detecting depolarization and calcium influx determining whether a synapse weakens or strengthens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is long-term depression (LTD)?

    <p>A long-term decrease in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by persistent low-frequency stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What must coincide for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur?

    <p>The release of neurotransmitter with a substantial depolarization of the postsynaptic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives presynaptic modifications in long-term potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>Retrograde signaling of nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor determining synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?

    <p>The amount of calcium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines whether a synapse weakens or strengthens in relation to NMDA receptors?

    <p>The amount of calcium influx</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do we refer to as the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cellular basis of long-term memory?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process of accessing memories known as?

    <p>Memory retrieval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition called when there is no physical change in the brain but long-term memory is retained?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the changes in neurons' excitability and the strength of connections?

    <p>Synaptic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the ability of the nervous system to change and adapt in response to experiences?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically used to directly measure cell excitability and synaptic strength in the brain?

    <p>Brain slice recordings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the increased sensitivity to a stimulus exhibited by Aplysia, an invertebrate sea slug?

    <p>Sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What remains unchanged during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex?

    <p>Motor neuron excitability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor determining intrinsic excitability of a neuron?

    <p>Number and type of ion channels expressed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the changes in synaptic connection strength between two neurons?

    <p>Synaptic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is involved in synaptic plasticity and can include pre- and postsynaptic changes?

    <p>Neuronal plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What changes during habituation of Aplysia's gill withdrawal reflex include fewer presynaptic voltage-gated calcium channels?

    <p>Presynaptic vesicle docking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is long-term potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>A long-term increase in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by high-frequency stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of NMDA receptors in synaptic strength?

    <p>They act as coincidence detectors, with the amount of calcium influx determining whether a synapse weakens or strengthens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives presynaptic modifications in long-term potentiation (LTP)?

    <p>Retrograde signaling of nitric oxide</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the condition for long-term potentiation (LTP) to occur?

    <p>The release of neurotransmitter must coincide with a substantial depolarization of the postsynaptic cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is long-term depression (LTD)?

    <p>A long-term decrease in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by persistent low-frequency stimulation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What determines synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?

    <p>The amount of calcium influx through NMDA receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ions will enter a cell through unblocked NMDA receptors?

    <p>Sodium and calcium ions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of nitric oxide (NO) in synaptic plasticity?

    <p>Acts as a retrograde messenger to promote LTP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor determining synaptic strength in relation to NMDA receptors?

    <p>Glutamate binding and membrane voltage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the cellular basis of learning according to Donald Hebb's hypothesis?

    <p>Strengthening of synaptic connections that are active when the postsynaptic neuron fires an action potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enzyme is activated by calcium influx through NMDA receptors and plays a role in establishing long-term potentiation?

    <p>CaMKII</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electrical stimulation of VMH in rodents?

    <p>Induces mating behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning involves learning relationships among individual stimuli?

    <p>Relational learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of electrical stimulation of mPOA in rodents?

    <p>Induces maternal behavior</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to the process by which experiences change our nervous system and behavior?

    <p>Synaptic plasticity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Function

    • Neurons can still have action potential if a part of the dendritic spine cell is cut, surviving and maintaining essential functions.
    • Neurons can adapt and evolve through experiences, with synapses becoming stronger or weaker based on these experiences.
    • Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-term increase in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by high-frequency stimulation.
    • LTP is often initiated on the postsynaptic side, but retrograde signaling of nitric oxide can drive presynaptic modifications.
    • Long-term depression (LTD) is a long-term decrease in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by persistent low-frequency stimulation.
    • LTD is often initiated on the postsynaptic side, but retrograde endocannabinoid signaling can drive presynaptic modifications.
    • Both LTP and LTD are a function of the number of times the synapse was activated as well as whether the postsynaptic neuron fired at those precise times.
    • The release of neurotransmitter must coincide with a substantial depolarization of the postsynaptic cell for LTP to occur.
    • NMDA receptors play a significant role in learning and memory, as they are located in almost every glutamatergic synapse in the brain and act as coincidence detectors.
    • The NMDA receptor is sensitive to the presence of glutamate and depolarization, with the amount of calcium influx determining synaptic strength.
    • NMDA receptors are a key signal for synaptic strength, with the amount of calcium influx determining whether a synapse weakens or strengthens.
    • NMDA receptors act as a coincidence detector, and their role in detecting depolarization and calcium influx determines whether a synapse weakens or strengthens.

    Synaptic Plasticity and Neuronal Function

    • Neurons can still have action potential if a part of the dendritic spine cell is cut, surviving and maintaining essential functions.
    • Neurons can adapt and evolve through experiences, with synapses becoming stronger or weaker based on these experiences.
    • Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a long-term increase in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by high-frequency stimulation.
    • LTP is often initiated on the postsynaptic side, but retrograde signaling of nitric oxide can drive presynaptic modifications.
    • Long-term depression (LTD) is a long-term decrease in the strength of the connection between two neurons, often induced by persistent low-frequency stimulation.
    • LTD is often initiated on the postsynaptic side, but retrograde endocannabinoid signaling can drive presynaptic modifications.
    • Both LTP and LTD are a function of the number of times the synapse was activated as well as whether the postsynaptic neuron fired at those precise times.
    • The release of neurotransmitter must coincide with a substantial depolarization of the postsynaptic cell for LTP to occur.
    • NMDA receptors play a significant role in learning and memory, as they are located in almost every glutamatergic synapse in the brain and act as coincidence detectors.
    • The NMDA receptor is sensitive to the presence of glutamate and depolarization, with the amount of calcium influx determining synaptic strength.
    • NMDA receptors are a key signal for synaptic strength, with the amount of calcium influx determining whether a synapse weakens or strengthens.
    • NMDA receptors act as a coincidence detector, and their role in detecting depolarization and calcium influx determines whether a synapse weakens or strengthens.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the hormonal control of puberty and the female reproductive cycles in this quiz. Explore topics such as the hypothalamus, kisspeptin, pituitary, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and the menstrual and estrous cycles.

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