Honors Biology: Plants and Animals Unit Exam Part 1

Vascular Tissue in Plants

• Transports water and nutrients throughout the plant.
• Xylem carries water upward from roots to leaves.
• Phloem carries sugars (produced during photosynthesis) from leaves to other parts of the plant.

Photosynthesis

• Process where plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to produce glucose (sugar) for energy.
• Takes place in chloroplasts, which contain chlorophyll.

Flower Structures

• Primarily involved in reproduction.
• Petals attract pollinators.
• Stamens produce pollen.
• Pistil contains the ovary, which houses the ovules.

Arthropods

• Belong to the phylum Arthropoda.
• Characterized by exoskeletons (hard outer coverings) and jointed appendages.
• Examples include insects, spiders, crustaceans.

Alternation of Generations

• Describes the life cycle of plants, alternating between a haploid (gametophyte) and a diploid (sporophyte) generation.
• The gametophyte produces gametes (sperm and egg), while the sporophyte produces spores.

Mitochondria

• Organelles found in animal cells, and most other eukaryotic cells.
• Responsible for cellular respiration, breaking down glucose to produce energy (ATP).

Invertebrates

• Lack a backbone (vertebral column).
• Make up the vast majority of animal species.
• Examples include insects, worms, mollusks, and crustaceans.

Body Cavity

• Fluid-filled space within the body that provides support, cushions organs, and aids in circulation.
• Found in most animal groups, such as annelids, arthropods, and vertebrates.
• Provides space for organ development and movement.

Plant Roots and Photosynthesis

• Roots absorb water and minerals from the soil.
• Water is transported through the xylem to leaves, providing the necessary component for photosynthesis.

Vertebrates vs. Invertebrates

• Vertebrates have a backbone (vertebral column).
• Invertebrates do not have a backbone.
• Vertebrates include mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish.

Stem Functions

• Support the plant and hold leaves up for maximum sunlight absorption during photosynthesis.
• Transport water and nutrients between roots and leaves.

Open Circulatory System

• Blood flows through a system of open spaces (hemocoel) rather than enclosed vessels.
• Characteristic of arthropods such as insects, crustaceans, and arachnids.
• Allows for efficient movement of blood in smaller, less active animals.

Prepare for your Honors Biology exam on plant characteristics, diversity, reproduction, and cellular energy with this outline. Includes multiple choice questions on plant organ functions, vascular tissue, plant groups, alternation of generations, flower structures, and cellular energy processes.