Honors Biology Module 2 Test

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Questions and Answers

Why are biological macromolecules important for everyday life?

They provide energy and structure to living organisms and their cells.

What is the structure and function of carbohydrates?

Structure: Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Function: Stores glucose as an energy reserve, sometimes provides structural support for cells.

What is the structure and function of lipids?

Structure: Glycerol attached to a phosphate group and two fatty acids. Function: To store energy, signal, and act as structural components of cell membranes.

What is the structure and function of proteins?

Structure: 50 amino acids bonded together. Function: Used for structure, transporting other substances, storage, signaling, movement, and defense. Signup and view all the answers

What is the structure and function of nucleic acids?

Structure: Nucleotides. Function: To carry genetic information needed to build organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Describe how enzymes regulate chemical reactions.

They increase the rate of a reaction by decreasing the amount of energy needed to get a reaction started. Signup and view all the answers

Explain how molecular diversity is based on the properties of carbon.

Life is based on carbon's ability to form diverse molecular structures, forming up to four covalent bonds with other atoms. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the developments that led to the cell theory.

Microscope, compound microscope, discoveries of cells, saying 'cell is basic building block of all matter', discovery that cells are organisms. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the structure of the cell membrane.

Made up of carbohydrates, phospholipids, and proteins. Phospholipids in a double layer (phospholipid bilayer) with hydrophilic ends facing outward. Signup and view all the answers

Distinguish between active and passive transport.

Passive transport is the movement of materials across a cell's membrane without the use of energy, while active transport uses energy. Signup and view all the answers

Differentiate between eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells.

Prokaryotes do not have a true nucleus and do not contain many specialized structures, while eukaryotes contain organelles. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the theory of the origin of eukaryotic cells (endosymbiosis).

It hypothesizes that ancestors of modern-day eukaryotic cells were two or more prokaryotic cells in a symbiotic relationship. Signup and view all the answers

What evidence supports the theory of endosymbiosis?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts reproduce independently, have their own circular DNA, and contain their own ribosomes. Signup and view all the answers

Describe the internal structures of eukaryotic cells.

Plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, and numerous membrane-bound organelles. Signup and view all the answers

Summarize the functions of the organelles found in plant and animal cells.

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Relate structure to function of plant and animal cells.

Plant structure includes cells that store nutrients; animal cells provide structure, convert food into energy, and carry out specialized functions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the importance of ATP as an energy-carrying molecule in cells?

It is an immediate source of energy that drives the functions of a cell. Signup and view all the answers

Identify the energy sources used by organisms.

Fats, carbohydrates, and proteins are used for energy when broken down during digestion. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Biological Macromolecules

Biological macromolecules provide energy and structural integrity to living organisms and their cells.

Carbohydrates

Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
Store glucose as an energy reserve and can provide structural support for cells.

Lipids

Structure includes glycerol linked to a phosphate group and two fatty acids.
Function to store energy, send signals, and form structural components of cell membranes.

Proteins

Comprised of 50 amino acids linked together.
Serve multiple functions: structure, transport, storage, signaling, movement, and immune defense.

Nucleic Acids

Built from nucleotides.
Carry genetic information essential for building and maintaining organisms.

Enzymes

Catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required, thereby increasing reaction rates.

Molecular Diversity and Carbon

Life's complexity stems from carbon's ability to form diverse structures with four potential covalent bonds, enabling large macromolecule formation.

Cell Theory Development

Resulted from advancements in microscopy, observations of cells, and the understanding that cells are the fundamental unit of life and cannot arise spontaneously.

Cell Membrane Structure

Composed of carbohydrates, phospholipids, and proteins, organized in a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic ends oriented outward.

Active vs. Passive Transport

Passive transport requires no energy, allowing materials to move across cell membranes naturally, whereas active transport requires cellular energy.

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

Prokaryotes lack a defined nucleus and complex structures, while eukaryotes possess organelles and are generally larger and more complex.

Endosymbiotic Theory

Suggests modern eukaryotic cells originated from a symbiotic relationship between multiple prokaryotic cells.

Evidence for Endosymbiosis

Mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells can reproduce independently and possess their own circular DNA and ribosomes.

Internal Structures of Eukaryotic Cells

Include plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, and a variety of membrane-bound organelles.

Functions of Organelles

Plant and animal cells share organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria, performing diverse functions from nutrient intake to energy conversion.

Structure and Function of Plant vs. Animal Cells

Plant cells focus on storage, while animal cells provide bodily structure, nutrient conversion, and specialized functions.

Importance of ATP

ATP acts as an immediate energy source for cellular functions, powering various biological processes.

Energy Sources for Organisms

Organisms derive energy from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins during digestion, utilizing the released energy for metabolic activities.

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Description

Test your knowledge on biological macromolecules, including carbohydrates and lipids. This quiz covers their structure, function, and importance in everyday life. Perfect for reinforcing your understanding of Module 2 concepts.