Honors Biology Module 2 Test

Biological Macromolecules

• Biological macromolecules provide energy and structural integrity to living organisms and their cells.

Carbohydrates

• Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
• Store glucose as an energy reserve and can provide structural support for cells.

Lipids

• Structure includes glycerol linked to a phosphate group and two fatty acids.
• Function to store energy, send signals, and form structural components of cell membranes.

Proteins

• Comprised of 50 amino acids linked together.
• Serve multiple functions: structure, transport, storage, signaling, movement, and immune defense.

Nucleic Acids

• Built from nucleotides.
• Carry genetic information essential for building and maintaining organisms.

Enzymes

• Catalyze chemical reactions by lowering the activation energy required, thereby increasing reaction rates.

Molecular Diversity and Carbon

• Life's complexity stems from carbon's ability to form diverse structures with four potential covalent bonds, enabling large macromolecule formation.

Cell Theory Development

• Resulted from advancements in microscopy, observations of cells, and the understanding that cells are the fundamental unit of life and cannot arise spontaneously.

Cell Membrane Structure

• Composed of carbohydrates, phospholipids, and proteins, organized in a phospholipid bilayer with hydrophilic ends oriented outward.

Active vs. Passive Transport

• Passive transport requires no energy, allowing materials to move across cell membranes naturally, whereas active transport requires cellular energy.

Eukaryotic vs. Prokaryotic Cells

• Prokaryotes lack a defined nucleus and complex structures, while eukaryotes possess organelles and are generally larger and more complex.

Endosymbiotic Theory

• Suggests modern eukaryotic cells originated from a symbiotic relationship between multiple prokaryotic cells.

Evidence for Endosymbiosis

• Mitochondria and chloroplasts in eukaryotic cells can reproduce independently and possess their own circular DNA and ribosomes.

Internal Structures of Eukaryotic Cells

• Include plasma membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, nucleus, and a variety of membrane-bound organelles.

Functions of Organelles

• Plant and animal cells share organelles like the nucleus and mitochondria, performing diverse functions from nutrient intake to energy conversion.

Structure and Function of Plant vs. Animal Cells

• Plant cells focus on storage, while animal cells provide bodily structure, nutrient conversion, and specialized functions.

Importance of ATP

• ATP acts as an immediate energy source for cellular functions, powering various biological processes.

Energy Sources for Organisms

• Organisms derive energy from fats, carbohydrates, and proteins during digestion, utilizing the released energy for metabolic activities.