Hong Kong Immigration Policies Quiz 1970s

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary action taken by police regarding illegal migrants in the late 1970s?

Increased border security measures

Established shelters for illegal immigrants

Arrested and repatriated all illegal migrants (correct)

Provided work permits for migrants

What is one consequence mentioned regarding the community's action against illegal immigration?

Enhanced relations with Mainland China

Improved public safety

Better job opportunities for locals

Frustrations and considerable penalties to the community (correct)

What does the Immigration (Amendment)(No.2) Ordinance require individuals aged 15 or above to carry?

Driving licenses

Health registration documents

Proof of employment

ID cards (correct)

What major policy was implemented by China in 1979 that influenced Hong Kong's economy?

Open-door Policy Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the aims of the immigration measures discussed in the late 1970s?

To prohibit employment of illegal immigrants Signup and view all the answers

What approximate population number was reported in Hong Kong in 1946?

1,600,000 Signup and view all the answers

What was a key policy regarding movement across the border with China before the Pacific War?

Allowing freedom of movement for the Chinese Signup and view all the answers

What does informal social control primarily involve?

Unwritten norms in personal relationships Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT mentioned as a reason for unrestricted movement policy?

Economic independence Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, what effect did Japanese expulsions have on the population by 1945?

Decreased population to 600,000 Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated as a potential punishment for violations mentioned?

Imprisonment Signup and view all the answers

What does the 'entrepôt' thesis suggest about economic movement?

It needs territorial fluidity for effective trade. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the registration system mentioned?

A form of formal social control Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the 1950s in relation to social control?

Stricter regulations and identity card systems Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, who were previously exempted from certain controls?

Chinese individuals Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor affecting population size as mentioned in the content?

Migration Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the movement of people into a specified territory?

Immigration Signup and view all the answers

What does return migration refer to?

Returning to one's homeland after emigration Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is associated with the gradual development of identity in Hong Kong as per the content?

Identity formation Signup and view all the answers

What are the two basic forms of migration identified in the content?

Immigration and emigration Signup and view all the answers

What was the average daily number of one-way permits issued in 1995?

150 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following categories is NOT mentioned as a reason for cross-border movement?

Educational opportunities Signup and view all the answers

What demographic was reported as the majority for population growth until 2013?

People aged 25 to 44 Signup and view all the answers

How much did the percentage of university graduates in the population aged 15 and above change from 2003 to 2013?

Increased by 5% Signup and view all the answers

Which authority manages the issuance of one-way permits for mainland citizens entering Hong Kong?

PRC authorities Signup and view all the answers

What was the daily permit subquota for children and spouses in 1993?

105 Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes the trend in cross-border movement from the 1980s to 2020s?

Continuous movement of people Signup and view all the answers

Which reason is classified under one-way permit categories?

Couple reunion Signup and view all the answers

What was a defining feature of the 'refugee mentality' according to the content?

Emphasis on familial interests Signup and view all the answers

During which period did the strategy change from acceptance to regularization occur?

1950s to 1960s Signup and view all the answers

What event is associated with the year 1958 in the context of political and social instability?

Great Leap Forward Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the attitude of many immigrants towards Hong Kong during the 1940s to 1960s?

Refugee Mentality Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'a borrowed time, a borrowed place' imply about the mindset of immigrants?

They viewed their stay as temporary. Signup and view all the answers

Which demographic was predominantly identified as 'refugees' after 1949?

Nationalist/KMT background individuals Signup and view all the answers

What kind of values were emphasized by those with the 'refugee mentality'?

Traditional Chinese values Signup and view all the answers

What did the phrase 'Little Rascals' refer to in the context of immigrant attitudes?

A term later rebranded as 'Oriental Heroes' Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Migration and Population

The focus of the presentation is on foundational concepts related to migration and population, policy changes and their social implications, and ethnic composition.

Population

A population is defined as "an aggregate of individuals which conform to a given definition. This definition is ordinarily at least spatial and temporal in specificity." (Norman B. Ryder, 1965)

Migration

Migration is defined as the movement of people from one territory to another territory on a permanent or semi-permanent basis (John J. Macionis, 2017).
Two basic forms of migration are immigration (movement into a specified territory) and emigration (movement out of a specified territory).
Internal migration includes in-migration, out-migration, and return migration.
International migration includes immigration and emigration which can also be called remigration.

Factors Influencing Migration

Push factors represent motivations to leave a location. These could be environmental, social, economic, or political factors. Ex. poverty, fear, disasters, unemployment.
Pull factors are those which attract people to a new location. These include environmental, social, economic, and political factors. Ex. safety, opportunity, stability, freedom..

Hong Kong as an Immigrant City

Hong Kong's history demonstrates a gradual development regarding the concept and sense of belonging within the city.
Immigration (policies, practices, discourses) played a significant role in shaping this development.
There are three stages of immigration to be considered prior to 1950s, 1950s to 1960s, and 1970s to 1980s, and 1980s to 2000s.
Before the 1950s, movement across China was largely unrestricted.
The Taiping Rebellion (1850-1864) caused a significant influx of migrants to Hong Kong. The Sino-Japanese War (1931) and Japanese invasion also lead to mass immigration from mainland China..

Freedom of Movement

During the early colonial period, freedom of movement was a defining feature, particularly for Chinese people.
Initial immigration control was largely absent, with no official border separating Hong Kong from mainland China. There was no passport requirement to enter or leave..

Restrictions on Immigration

Despite relative freedom, there were restrictions on immigration.
The Banishment Ordinance (1903) demonstrated that some individuals were deemed undesirable or dangerous based on disruptive behavior or the like to public order.
The Deportation of Aliens Bill (1949) provided for the deportation of undesired immigrants.
Various ordinances were implemented over time for controlling immigration.
These laws included the Travelers Restriction Ordinance (1915), Registration of Persons Ordinance (1916), and the Passport Ordinance (1923), although Chinese people were exempted from some of them.
Immigration and Passports Ordinance (1934), Registration of Persons Ordinance (1934) were also applied. Every alien (except those of Chinese race) had to register with the police on entering the colony

Colonial Government's Justifications

The colonial government justified its relatively lenient immigration control by emphasizing the "human problem".
Explanations such as the belief that it was an "almost a tradition to allow freedom of movement to Chinese across the border with China" were offered.
Numbers during the period of 1937, 1945, and 1946 showed that there were significant numbers of immigrants, as well as the fact that an "open-door" policy continued until 1967.

Changing Strategies (1950s-1960s)

The initial approach involved acceptance but evolved through control to regularization (by 1971). Political events and social issues in mainland China during that duration greatly affected immigration.
The approach is justified based on "humanitarianism", with reasons for the actions like social integration, practical considerations, and political reasons and international politics.
This included the political realities of the Cold War, the US policies, and the UK's role in maintaining order and social distinctions.

Re-problematization of Illegal Status (1970s)

The discourse on the "people problem" has been planted (precedes the 1970s) - excessive population, massive illegal immigrants, and the emergence of these immigrants as "social evils" contributed to the tightening of control. Factors such as employment threats, welfare demands (e.g housing), and ideological conflicts also played a role in this shift. Events like the Shep Kip Mei Fire in 1953 might have inspired greater concerns.
Reasons behind the tightening of controls included resistance by locals to the presence of immigrants, desire for social order and stability.
Colonial government's attempts to handle the "human problem" involved a reluctance to provide expensive public services, maintaining financial autonomy from London, and enforcing stricter policies and regulations. This included an open-door policy change in 1967.
The "Reach Base'/"Touch Base Policy" (1974-1980) facilitated handling of the increased number of migrants who reached the urban areas.

1980s to 2000s

Cross-border movement and immigration policy were significantly impacted by China's open-door policy (1979) and the 1997 handover. Significant changes in policies concerning permits and quotas. This led to investments in special economic zones and subsequent economic restructuring.
One-way permits were introduced for emigration to Hong Kong, with different categories established, e.g., couple reunifications.
There was differing numbers relating to daily quotas for entrants from Mainland China and for other nationalities.

The registration system employed in the period is a form of social control.
It sought to control the behaviours of people and groups, in order to conform to established norms or laws. This was accompanied by informal and formal social controls to deter deviance from norms.

Identity of Hong Kong Residents

The immigration ordinance of 1971 helped to define individuals in the different categories in Hong Kong and also helped to formulate and discuss concepts related to belonging and the state.
The policy decisions are reflected on the differences between immigrant mentality and other characterizations from various media like the drama series "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" (1979).

These notes are a summary of the provided materials; further details may be available within the original documents.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the immigration policies and community actions in Hong Kong during the late 1970s. This quiz covers key regulations, population statistics, and the economic implications stemming from political measures implemented during that period.