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Questions and Answers
Which of the following best describes the goal of a regulatory system?
Which of the following best describes the goal of a regulatory system?
What is the process by which the effect of a correctional mechanism diminishes or terminates further corrective action?
What is the process by which the effect of a correctional mechanism diminishes or terminates further corrective action?
Which of the following is associated with satiety?
Which of the following is associated with satiety?
What triggers osmometric thirst?
What triggers osmometric thirst?
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Which region of the hypothalamus is responsible for the feeling of thirst?
Which region of the hypothalamus is responsible for the feeling of thirst?
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What type of neurons in the AV3V region of the hypothalamus are sensitive to angiotensin?
What type of neurons in the AV3V region of the hypothalamus are sensitive to angiotensin?
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Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
Which of the following best describes homeostasis?
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What happens when blood glucose levels are low?
What happens when blood glucose levels are low?
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What is the purpose of ingestive behavior?
What is the purpose of ingestive behavior?
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Which cells in the body can use glucose without the need for insulin?
Which cells in the body can use glucose without the need for insulin?
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What is a characteristic of a classic thermostat?
What is a characteristic of a classic thermostat?
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Why is it important for the body to maintain a set point for temperature?
Why is it important for the body to maintain a set point for temperature?
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Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus promote hunger?
Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus promote hunger?
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Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus inhibit hunger?
Which neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus inhibit hunger?
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When leptin levels fall to critically low levels, what happens to the neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus?
When leptin levels fall to critically low levels, what happens to the neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus?
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What is the term used to describe the elevated leptin set point and reduced response to leptin levels observed in overweight individuals?
What is the term used to describe the elevated leptin set point and reduced response to leptin levels observed in overweight individuals?
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Which of the following is true about triglycerides?
Which of the following is true about triglycerides?
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What is the function of ghrelin?
What is the function of ghrelin?
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Which of the following factors stops hunger after a meal?
Which of the following factors stops hunger after a meal?
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How does the liver signal satiety?
How does the liver signal satiety?
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Which hormone is secreted by adipocytes and provides a negative feedback signal that decreases hunger?
Which hormone is secreted by adipocytes and provides a negative feedback signal that decreases hunger?
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What happens when the brain senses dangerously low blood glucose levels?
What happens when the brain senses dangerously low blood glucose levels?
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What triggers the emergency feeding circuits when there is not enough body fat?
What triggers the emergency feeding circuits when there is not enough body fat?
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What can excess insulin signaling or drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism cause?
What can excess insulin signaling or drugs that inhibit glucose metabolism cause?
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Which neuropeptides play an important role in regulating the motivational and hedonic effects of hunger?
Which neuropeptides play an important role in regulating the motivational and hedonic effects of hunger?
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What is the most effective form of bariatric surgery?
What is the most effective form of bariatric surgery?
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What is the purpose of bariatric surgery?
What is the purpose of bariatric surgery?
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What happens to the rewarding and reinforcing value of food when satiety is reached?
What happens to the rewarding and reinforcing value of food when satiety is reached?
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What happens to the rewarding and reinforcing value of food when hunger is experienced?
What happens to the rewarding and reinforcing value of food when hunger is experienced?
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What is the role of neurons in the medulla and hypothalamus in hunger regulation?
What is the role of neurons in the medulla and hypothalamus in hunger regulation?
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Study Notes
Regulatory Systems
- The goal of a regulatory system is to maintain a set point or homeostasis.
Thirst Regulation
- Osmometric thirst is triggered by increased osmolality of the blood.
- The region of the hypothalamus responsible for the feeling of thirst is the anteroventral third ventricle (AV3V).
- Magnocellular neurons in the AV3V region of the hypothalamus are sensitive to angiotensin.
Hunger and Satiety Regulation
- The purpose of ingestive behavior is to maintain energy homeostasis.
- Red blood cells can use glucose without the need for insulin.
- Leptin levels falling to critically low levels activates neurons in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN) of the hypothalamus.
- Overweight individuals have an elevated leptin set point and reduced response to leptin levels, known as leptin resistance.
- Neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that promote hunger are AgRP/NPY neurons.
- Neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus that inhibit hunger are POMC/CART neurons.
Glucose Regulation
- When blood glucose levels are low, the brain senses it as a life-threatening emergency and triggers the emergency feeding circuits.
- When the brain senses critically low blood glucose levels, it triggers the emergency feeding response to restore blood glucose levels.
Hormones and Metabolism
- Ghrelin is a hormone that stimulates appetite.
- Leptin is a hormone secreted by adipocytes that provides a negative feedback signal that decreases hunger.
- The liver signals satiety through the release of insulin and other hormones.
- Cholecystokinin (CCK) is a hormone that stops hunger after a meal.
Bariatric Surgery
- The purpose of bariatric surgery is to restrict food intake and induce weight loss.
- The most effective form of bariatric surgery is the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass.
Food Reward and Hedonics
- When satiety is reached, the rewarding and reinforcing value of food decreases.
- When hunger is experienced, the rewarding and reinforcing value of food increases.
- The role of neurons in the medulla and hypothalamus is to regulate hunger by integrating sensory information and hormone signals.
- Dopamine and opioid neuropeptides play an important role in regulating the motivational and hedonic effects of hunger.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the homeostatic regulation of feeding and the role of leptin in hunger and basal metabolic rate. Explore how leptin signaling affects hunger and the activity of specific neurons in the hypothalamus.
