Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary purpose of homeostasis in organisms?
What is the primary purpose of homeostasis in organisms?
- To increase metabolic rates in all conditions
- To maintain a relatively stable internal environment (correct)
- To eliminate all external stimuli
- To adapt to every environmental change permanently
What initiates the process of homeostasis?
What initiates the process of homeostasis?
- The actions of the central nervous system alone
- The transmission of information via motor neurons
- Detection of changes known as stimuli (correct)
- The role of effectors in creating responses
Which component of the homeostasis process is responsible for receiving stimuli?
Which component of the homeostasis process is responsible for receiving stimuli?
- Sensory neurons
- Receptors (correct)
- Effectors
- Central nervous system
What is the correct sequence in the stimulus-response pathway?
What is the correct sequence in the stimulus-response pathway?
What type of receptors are primarily focused on changes in light?
What type of receptors are primarily focused on changes in light?
What role does the central nervous system play in maintaining homeostasis?
What role does the central nervous system play in maintaining homeostasis?
Which example illustrates the detection and response in the homeostasis process?
Which example illustrates the detection and response in the homeostasis process?
In the context of homeostasis, what is the role of effectors?
In the context of homeostasis, what is the role of effectors?
What is the minimum electrical charge required for an action potential to be generated?
What is the minimum electrical charge required for an action potential to be generated?
Which process involves positively charged sodium ions entering the cell?
Which process involves positively charged sodium ions entering the cell?
How does the brain coordinate appropriate responses to sensory signals?
How does the brain coordinate appropriate responses to sensory signals?
What role do hormones play in homeostasis?
What role do hormones play in homeostasis?
What happens to ADH production when blood volume is too high?
What happens to ADH production when blood volume is too high?
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
What is the primary function of aldosterone?
What fluid surrounds cells and aids in the removal of waste products?
What fluid surrounds cells and aids in the removal of waste products?
What happens to a plant cell if it dehydrates?
What happens to a plant cell if it dehydrates?
What is the function of stomata in plants?
What is the function of stomata in plants?
How can hormonal signals influence enzymes in cells?
How can hormonal signals influence enzymes in cells?
What occurs when blood glucose levels rise above the normal set point?
What occurs when blood glucose levels rise above the normal set point?
How does the body respond to rising temperatures?
How does the body respond to rising temperatures?
What is the primary function of glucagon when blood glucose levels fall?
What is the primary function of glucagon when blood glucose levels fall?
What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?
What characterizes Type 1 diabetes?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?
What is the role of the hypothalamus in thermoregulation?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for stabilizing body temperature?
What mechanism is primarily responsible for stabilizing body temperature?
In response to a drop in skin temperature, which action occurs?
In response to a drop in skin temperature, which action occurs?
Which statement accurately describes a positive feedback mechanism?
Which statement accurately describes a positive feedback mechanism?
How is insulin related to blood glucose regulation?
How is insulin related to blood glucose regulation?
What occurs if blood pressure falls too low in the body?
What occurs if blood pressure falls too low in the body?
What is the main purpose of using golden rice?
What is the main purpose of using golden rice?
What does gene therapy primarily aim to achieve?
What does gene therapy primarily aim to achieve?
Which method is often used for gene transfer in gene therapy?
Which method is often used for gene transfer in gene therapy?
What is a potential limitation of gene therapy?
What is a potential limitation of gene therapy?
What role do CRISPR techniques play in genetics?
What role do CRISPR techniques play in genetics?
How is sound represented in physical terms?
How is sound represented in physical terms?
Which part of the ear is responsible for funneling sound waves into the auditory canal?
Which part of the ear is responsible for funneling sound waves into the auditory canal?
What do the ossicles in the middle ear do?
What do the ossicles in the middle ear do?
Which of the following describes in-vivo gene transfer?
Which of the following describes in-vivo gene transfer?
What is the frequency of sound associated with, in terms of pitches?
What is the frequency of sound associated with, in terms of pitches?
What physiological adaptation helps reduce body heat in a red kangaroo during hot conditions?
What physiological adaptation helps reduce body heat in a red kangaroo during hot conditions?
Which system is responsible for the rapid response to internal and external stimuli?
Which system is responsible for the rapid response to internal and external stimuli?
What is the primary role of sensory neurons?
What is the primary role of sensory neurons?
What adaptation allows the fat-tailed dwarf lemur to survive in hot conditions?
What adaptation allows the fat-tailed dwarf lemur to survive in hot conditions?
Which component of a neuron carries signals towards the cell body?
Which component of a neuron carries signals towards the cell body?
What mechanism helps in the maintenance of body temperature according to the muscular system?
What mechanism helps in the maintenance of body temperature according to the muscular system?
During which phase does a mountain pygmy possum primarily reduce its energy consumption?
During which phase does a mountain pygmy possum primarily reduce its energy consumption?
What is primarily affected in the respiratory system to regulate acid-base balance in the blood?
What is primarily affected in the respiratory system to regulate acid-base balance in the blood?
What specific adaptation does a common wombat employ to manage heat on hot days?
What specific adaptation does a common wombat employ to manage heat on hot days?
Which structure in a neuron transmits electrical signals away from the cell body?
Which structure in a neuron transmits electrical signals away from the cell body?
Which type of neuron primarily connects sensory and motor neurons?
Which type of neuron primarily connects sensory and motor neurons?
What effect does panting have on the body during hot weather?
What effect does panting have on the body during hot weather?
What is the primary purpose of the endocrine system in relation to homeostasis?
What is the primary purpose of the endocrine system in relation to homeostasis?
What characteristic structure of the tail in some animals helps with efficient heat loss?
What characteristic structure of the tail in some animals helps with efficient heat loss?
What type of adaptation involves behavioral changes to reduce heat absorption?
What type of adaptation involves behavioral changes to reduce heat absorption?
What can excessive exposure to UV light lead to in skin cells?
What can excessive exposure to UV light lead to in skin cells?
Which of the following is a symptom of lead poisoning?
Which of the following is a symptom of lead poisoning?
In which condition does the lack of protein in the diet directly lead to severe health issues, particularly in children?
In which condition does the lack of protein in the diet directly lead to severe health issues, particularly in children?
What is the main cause of nutritional deficiency diseases?
What is the main cause of nutritional deficiency diseases?
What is a characteristic of obesity?
What is a characteristic of obesity?
How does a mutation in proto-oncogenes affect cell growth?
How does a mutation in proto-oncogenes affect cell growth?
What role do tumor suppressor genes play in cell growth?
What role do tumor suppressor genes play in cell growth?
What condition is characterized by impaired wound healing and joint pain due to vitamin deficiency?
What condition is characterized by impaired wound healing and joint pain due to vitamin deficiency?
Which environmental exposure is directly linked to the formation of melanoma?
Which environmental exposure is directly linked to the formation of melanoma?
What health issue can result from a lack of Vitamin A?
What health issue can result from a lack of Vitamin A?
What role does oxytocin play during childbirth?
What role does oxytocin play during childbirth?
How do endotherms primarily maintain their internal temperature?
How do endotherms primarily maintain their internal temperature?
Which of the following is an effect of anorexia nervosa?
Which of the following is an effect of anorexia nervosa?
Which adaptation helps endotherms reduce heat loss?
Which adaptation helps endotherms reduce heat loss?
What type of malnutrition results from excessive intake of food?
What type of malnutrition results from excessive intake of food?
What is a consequence of uncontrolled cell division in cancer?
What is a consequence of uncontrolled cell division in cancer?
What is a behavioral adaptation of red kangaroos to cope with heat?
What is a behavioral adaptation of red kangaroos to cope with heat?
High blood pressure, or hypertension, can be caused by which of the following?
High blood pressure, or hypertension, can be caused by which of the following?
What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio in large animals?
What is the significance of the surface area to volume ratio in large animals?
What behavior do some organisms exhibit to avoid the hottest part of the day?
What behavior do some organisms exhibit to avoid the hottest part of the day?
Which substances are primarily reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
Which substances are primarily reabsorbed in the proximal tubule?
Countercurrent heat exchange is an adaptation found in which type of organisms?
Countercurrent heat exchange is an adaptation found in which type of organisms?
What is the primary function of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?
What is the primary function of the descending limb of the Loop of Henle?
Which of the following is NOT a structural adaptation for maintaining temperature in endotherms?
Which of the following is NOT a structural adaptation for maintaining temperature in endotherms?
What impact does aldosterone have on the distal tubule?
What impact does aldosterone have on the distal tubule?
Which of the following diseases can lead to chronic kidney disease?
Which of the following diseases can lead to chronic kidney disease?
What process allows small animals to cope with the cold when they cannot increase their metabolic rate?
What process allows small animals to cope with the cold when they cannot increase their metabolic rate?
Ecotherms are best defined as organisms that:
Ecotherms are best defined as organisms that:
What is a primary characteristic of haemodialysis?
What is a primary characteristic of haemodialysis?
Which therapy uses drugs to interrupt the pathways causing uncontrolled division of melanoma cells?
Which therapy uses drugs to interrupt the pathways causing uncontrolled division of melanoma cells?
Which mechanism aids in maintaining water balance in plants?
Which mechanism aids in maintaining water balance in plants?
During which process does active transport primarily occur in the nephron?
During which process does active transport primarily occur in the nephron?
What is the main reason patients on dialysis must follow strict dietary restrictions?
What is the main reason patients on dialysis must follow strict dietary restrictions?
What type of study first investigates the cause of disease by providing information about its patterns?
What type of study first investigates the cause of disease by providing information about its patterns?
What adaptation can help animals minimize exposure to extreme temperatures?
What adaptation can help animals minimize exposure to extreme temperatures?
Which is an inherent disadvantage for ectotherms compared to endotherms?
Which is an inherent disadvantage for ectotherms compared to endotherms?
What is a significant challenge in current immunotherapy for melanoma?
What is a significant challenge in current immunotherapy for melanoma?
What happens to blood in peritoneal dialysis?
What happens to blood in peritoneal dialysis?
Why do darker-colored animals tend to absorb more heat?
Why do darker-colored animals tend to absorb more heat?
What primarily distinguishes case control studies from cohort studies?
What primarily distinguishes case control studies from cohort studies?
Which component of blood is typically retained and not filtered into the Bowman’s capsule?
Which component of blood is typically retained and not filtered into the Bowman’s capsule?
Which type of error in studies is referred to as bias?
Which type of error in studies is referred to as bias?
How should epidemiological studies optimally sample participants?
How should epidemiological studies optimally sample participants?
What does immunotherapy aim to leverage in the fight against melanoma?
What does immunotherapy aim to leverage in the fight against melanoma?
Which type of epidemiological study is used primarily to test the effectiveness of treatments?
Which type of epidemiological study is used primarily to test the effectiveness of treatments?
What is a common problem leading to loss to follow-up bias in studies?
What is a common problem leading to loss to follow-up bias in studies?
Which of the following best describes cohort studies?
Which of the following best describes cohort studies?
What is one important factor for ensuring the validity of an epidemiological study?
What is one important factor for ensuring the validity of an epidemiological study?
How can researchers reduce measurement bias in studies?
How can researchers reduce measurement bias in studies?
What is the primary focus of analytical studies in epidemiology?
What is the primary focus of analytical studies in epidemiology?
What is a significant limitation of chemotherapy in treating melanoma?
What is a significant limitation of chemotherapy in treating melanoma?
What role does abscisic acid (ABA) play in plants experiencing water loss?
What role does abscisic acid (ABA) play in plants experiencing water loss?
Which structure or adaptation helps xerophytes reduce water loss?
Which structure or adaptation helps xerophytes reduce water loss?
Which of the following genetic diseases is caused by a single-gene mutation?
Which of the following genetic diseases is caused by a single-gene mutation?
What is a consequence of cell disruption related to cancer?
What is a consequence of cell disruption related to cancer?
Which of the following is a known risk factor for developing melanoma?
Which of the following is a known risk factor for developing melanoma?
What is a common characteristic of environmental diseases?
What is a common characteristic of environmental diseases?
What does the term 'metastasis' refer to?
What does the term 'metastasis' refer to?
What is the primary risk factor for developing non-infectious diseases?
What is the primary risk factor for developing non-infectious diseases?
What is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes incidents being higher in females than in males?
What is the primary cause of type 2 diabetes incidents being higher in females than in males?
Which adaptation helps the Eucalyptus tree minimize moisture loss?
Which adaptation helps the Eucalyptus tree minimize moisture loss?
What does PKU result from?
What does PKU result from?
Which statement correctly describes the mortality rate of type 2 diabetes?
Which statement correctly describes the mortality rate of type 2 diabetes?
How does having curled leaves benefit xerophytes?
How does having curled leaves benefit xerophytes?
Which treatment is often sufficient for early-stage melanoma?
Which treatment is often sufficient for early-stage melanoma?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to cancer?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that can contribute to cancer?
What causes cystic fibrosis?
What causes cystic fibrosis?
Which lifestyle choice is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?
Which lifestyle choice is a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases?
What does the prevalence of a disease refer to?
What does the prevalence of a disease refer to?
What physical characteristic is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?
What physical characteristic is most commonly associated with Down syndrome?
What type of disease is primarily responsible for 70% of deaths globally?
What type of disease is primarily responsible for 70% of deaths globally?
Which is NOT a method used to evaluate the effectiveness of disease control strategies?
Which is NOT a method used to evaluate the effectiveness of disease control strategies?
What adaptation do Spinifex Grass and Prickly Pears have in common?
What adaptation do Spinifex Grass and Prickly Pears have in common?
What environmental factor can lead to skin cancer?
What environmental factor can lead to skin cancer?
How has the incidence of melanoma changed since 1982?
How has the incidence of melanoma changed since 1982?
Which statement best describes the relationship between non-infectious diseases and lifestyle factors?
Which statement best describes the relationship between non-infectious diseases and lifestyle factors?
Which demographic is more likely to develop melanoma?
Which demographic is more likely to develop melanoma?
What role do epidemiological studies play in public health?
What role do epidemiological studies play in public health?
What type of cells cannot repair their DNA as easily as normal cells during radiation treatment?
What type of cells cannot repair their DNA as easily as normal cells during radiation treatment?
What is the main function of the sound processor in a BAHA system?
What is the main function of the sound processor in a BAHA system?
What type of hearing loss is a cochlear implant primarily designed to assist?
What type of hearing loss is a cochlear implant primarily designed to assist?
What characteristic of cochlear implants makes them different from traditional hearing aids?
What characteristic of cochlear implants makes them different from traditional hearing aids?
Which structure of the eye helps direct light toward the retina?
Which structure of the eye helps direct light toward the retina?
What is the primary role of the iris in vision?
What is the primary role of the iris in vision?
Which component of a cochlear implant directly stimulates the auditory nerves?
Which component of a cochlear implant directly stimulates the auditory nerves?
Which type of photoreceptor is most sensitive to low light conditions?
Which type of photoreceptor is most sensitive to low light conditions?
What challenge might a user face when wearing hearing aids in a noisy environment?
What challenge might a user face when wearing hearing aids in a noisy environment?
What anatomical feature of the eye is responsible for nutrient supply?
What anatomical feature of the eye is responsible for nutrient supply?
What is the primary benefit of conducting an epidemiological study?
What is the primary benefit of conducting an epidemiological study?
What does the ciliary body do in relation to the lens of the eye?
What does the ciliary body do in relation to the lens of the eye?
Why might a cochlear implant be considered a permanent choice in hearing assistance?
Why might a cochlear implant be considered a permanent choice in hearing assistance?
Which method is NOT mentioned as a way to prevent non-infectious diseases?
Which method is NOT mentioned as a way to prevent non-infectious diseases?
What outcome did the QUIT campaign achieve regarding smoking prevalence?
What outcome did the QUIT campaign achieve regarding smoking prevalence?
What is the primary function of the retina?
What is the primary function of the retina?
What significant factor contributed to a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in Australia?
What significant factor contributed to a higher incidence of type 2 diabetes in Australia?
What is one potential side effect of using hearing aids?
What is one potential side effect of using hearing aids?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a successful public health campaign?
Which of the following is NOT a component of a successful public health campaign?
Which statement about the QUIT campaign is correct?
Which statement about the QUIT campaign is correct?
How does pre-implantation genetic testing prevent genetic diseases?
How does pre-implantation genetic testing prevent genetic diseases?
What is one goal of intervention epidemiology?
What is one goal of intervention epidemiology?
What role does legislation play in disease prevention?
What role does legislation play in disease prevention?
What is one limitation of treatment methods for non-infectious diseases?
What is one limitation of treatment methods for non-infectious diseases?
Which method is indicated to reduce vitamin deficiencies in developing countries?
Which method is indicated to reduce vitamin deficiencies in developing countries?
Why is prevention of disease considered better than treatment?
Why is prevention of disease considered better than treatment?
What trend is observed regarding smoking rates in males and females?
What trend is observed regarding smoking rates in males and females?
What critical factor is used in the success of health promotions?
What critical factor is used in the success of health promotions?
What type of cells are responsible for night vision?
What type of cells are responsible for night vision?
What is the primary function of cones in the human eye?
What is the primary function of cones in the human eye?
Which photopigment is present in all rod cells?
Which photopigment is present in all rod cells?
What causes myopia in the human eye?
What causes myopia in the human eye?
What is the role of the ciliary body during accommodation?
What is the role of the ciliary body during accommodation?
Which optical device would be recommended for someone with hyperopia?
Which optical device would be recommended for someone with hyperopia?
What is the term for the bending of light as it passes through different media?
What is the term for the bending of light as it passes through different media?
Light rays that are divergent require what adjustment for proper focus on the retina?
Light rays that are divergent require what adjustment for proper focus on the retina?
What could cause hyperopia?
What could cause hyperopia?
What corrective procedure could be used for refractive disorders?
What corrective procedure could be used for refractive disorders?
How many types of cone cells are there and what colors do they primarily detect?
How many types of cone cells are there and what colors do they primarily detect?
What is the primary optical device used to compensate for myopia?
What is the primary optical device used to compensate for myopia?
What part of the eye has the greatest refractive power?
What part of the eye has the greatest refractive power?
What role does the Eustachian tube play in hearing?
What role does the Eustachian tube play in hearing?
What mechanism allows hair cells to convert vibrations into electrical signals?
What mechanism allows hair cells to convert vibrations into electrical signals?
What is the main difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?
What is the main difference between conductive and sensorineural hearing loss?
Which part of the cochlea is activated by low-frequency sounds?
Which part of the cochlea is activated by low-frequency sounds?
What is the primary function of hearing aids?
What is the primary function of hearing aids?
What is a common underlying cause of sensorineural hearing loss?
What is a common underlying cause of sensorineural hearing loss?
How does a cochlear implant function?
How does a cochlear implant function?
What is the role of the organ of Corti in the cochlea?
What is the role of the organ of Corti in the cochlea?
Which channel of the cochlea is filled with endolymph?
Which channel of the cochlea is filled with endolymph?
What do hair cells at the base of the cochlea respond to?
What do hair cells at the base of the cochlea respond to?
How is hearing sensitivity measured?
How is hearing sensitivity measured?
What is the purpose of the round window in the ear?
What is the purpose of the round window in the ear?
What feature of some hearing aids assists with receiving sound in certain environments?
What feature of some hearing aids assists with receiving sound in certain environments?
What happens to the eardrum when the Eustachian tube is blocked?
What happens to the eardrum when the Eustachian tube is blocked?
What is the main purpose of the ossicles in the middle ear?
What is the main purpose of the ossicles in the middle ear?
What is the primary purpose of LASIK eye surgery?
What is the primary purpose of LASIK eye surgery?
How do contact lenses correct hyperopia?
How do contact lenses correct hyperopia?
What is the function of nephrons within the kidney?
What is the function of nephrons within the kidney?
Which of the following statements about the excretory system is true?
Which of the following statements about the excretory system is true?
What occurs during the secretion process in nephron function?
What occurs during the secretion process in nephron function?
What forms as a result of the breakdown of amino acids in humans?
What forms as a result of the breakdown of amino acids in humans?
Why is urea less toxic than ammonia?
Why is urea less toxic than ammonia?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtration?
Which part of the nephron is responsible for filtration?
What shape does the renal cortex typically have?
What shape does the renal cortex typically have?
In which part of the nephron does reabsorption primarily occur?
In which part of the nephron does reabsorption primarily occur?
What is the role of the renal artery in the kidney's function?
What is the role of the renal artery in the kidney's function?
Which substances are typically found in urine?
Which substances are typically found in urine?
What process occurs when the kidneys maintain the body's acid-base balance?
What process occurs when the kidneys maintain the body's acid-base balance?
What keeps the eye steady during LASIK surgery?
What keeps the eye steady during LASIK surgery?
Flashcards
Homeostasis
Homeostasis
The stable internal environment that organisms maintain despite changes in the external environment.
Thermoregulation
Thermoregulation
A process where organisms maintain a stable internal body temperature.
Glucose Homeostasis
Glucose Homeostasis
A process where organisms maintain a stable blood glucose level.
Receptors
Receptors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Effectors
Effectors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stimulus-Response Pathway
Stimulus-Response Pathway
Signup and view all the flashcards
Negative Feedback Loop
Negative Feedback Loop
Signup and view all the flashcards
Control Center
Control Center
Signup and view all the flashcards
Negative Feedback
Negative Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Blood Glucose Regulation
Blood Glucose Regulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Insulin
Insulin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glucagon
Glucagon
Signup and view all the flashcards
Diabetes
Diabetes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Positive Feedback
Positive Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Threshold Potential
Threshold Potential
Signup and view all the flashcards
Depolarisation
Depolarisation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Repolarisation
Repolarisation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Neurotransmitters
Neurotransmitters
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hormones
Hormones
Signup and view all the flashcards
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aldosterone
Aldosterone
Signup and view all the flashcards
Interstitial Fluid
Interstitial Fluid
Signup and view all the flashcards
Stomata
Stomata
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aestivation
Aestivation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hibernation
Hibernation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Behavioral Adaptations
Behavioral Adaptations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Structural Adaptations
Structural Adaptations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Role of the Nervous System
Role of the Nervous System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensory (Afferent) Neuron
Sensory (Afferent) Neuron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Motor (Efferent) Neuron
Motor (Efferent) Neuron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Positive Feedback Loop
Positive Feedback Loop
Signup and view all the flashcards
Oxytocin
Oxytocin
Signup and view all the flashcards
Endotherms
Endotherms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ectotherms
Ectotherms
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tolerance Limits
Tolerance Limits
Signup and view all the flashcards
Adaptation
Adaptation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Physiological Adaptations
Physiological Adaptations
Signup and view all the flashcards
Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA/V)
Surface Area to Volume Ratio (SA/V)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Countercurrent Heat Exchange
Countercurrent Heat Exchange
Signup and view all the flashcards
Torpor
Torpor
Signup and view all the flashcards
Transpiration
Transpiration
Signup and view all the flashcards
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Abscisic Acid (ABA)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guard Cells
Guard Cells
Signup and view all the flashcards
Xerophytes
Xerophytes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Waxy Cuticle
Waxy Cuticle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Single-gene Abnormalities
Single-gene Abnormalities
Signup and view all the flashcards
PKU (Phenylketonuria)
PKU (Phenylketonuria)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Down Syndrome (Trisomy 21)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Environmental Diseases
Environmental Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lifestyle Diseases
Lifestyle Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Signup and view all the flashcards
Non-Infectious Diseases
Non-Infectious Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Risk Factors
Risk Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic Diseases
Genetic Diseases
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lead poisoning
Lead poisoning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Kwashiorkor
Kwashiorkor
Signup and view all the flashcards
Undernutrition
Undernutrition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Obesity
Obesity
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cancer
Cancer
Signup and view all the flashcards
Tumor suppressor genes
Tumor suppressor genes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Proto-oncogenes
Proto-oncogenes
Signup and view all the flashcards
DNA repair genes
DNA repair genes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vitamin A deficiency
Vitamin A deficiency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rickets
Rickets
Signup and view all the flashcards
Scurvy
Scurvy
Signup and view all the flashcards
Anorexia nervosa
Anorexia nervosa
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lead poisoning
Lead poisoning
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nutritional deficiencies
Nutritional deficiencies
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the core effect of cancer?
What is the core effect of cancer?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is metastasis?
What is metastasis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are benign tumors?
What are benign tumors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is melanoma?
What is melanoma?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is incidence?
What is incidence?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is prevalence?
What is prevalence?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is mortality rate?
What is mortality rate?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
What is Type 2 Diabetes?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is environmental disease?
What is environmental disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is epidemiology?
What is epidemiology?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an epidemiological study?
What is an epidemiological study?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is an epidemic?
What is an epidemic?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are risk factors?
What are risk factors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are protective factors?
What are protective factors?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How is melanoma treated?
How is melanoma treated?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic Engineering for Disease Screening
Genetic Engineering for Disease Screening
Signup and view all the flashcards
Golden Rice: Combating Vitamin A Deficiency
Golden Rice: Combating Vitamin A Deficiency
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic Engineering for Vaccine Production
Genetic Engineering for Vaccine Production
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gene Therapy: Repairing Defective Genes
Gene Therapy: Repairing Defective Genes
Signup and view all the flashcards
Gene Delivery Methods
Gene Delivery Methods
Signup and view all the flashcards
CRISPR: Precise Gene Editing
CRISPR: Precise Gene Editing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Preventing Non-Infectious Disease Outbreaks
Preventing Non-Infectious Disease Outbreaks
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sound: Vibrations and Pitch
Sound: Vibrations and Pitch
Signup and view all the flashcards
Ear Structure: From Outer to Inner
Ear Structure: From Outer to Inner
Signup and view all the flashcards
Outer Ear: Capturing Sound
Outer Ear: Capturing Sound
Signup and view all the flashcards
Chemotherapy for Melanoma
Chemotherapy for Melanoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Targeted Therapies for Melanoma
Targeted Therapies for Melanoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Immunotherapy for Melanoma
Immunotherapy for Melanoma
Signup and view all the flashcards
Descriptive Studies in Epidemiology
Descriptive Studies in Epidemiology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Analytical Studies in Epidemiology
Analytical Studies in Epidemiology
Signup and view all the flashcards
Case-Control Studies
Case-Control Studies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cohort Studies
Cohort Studies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Intervention Studies
Intervention Studies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Experimental Studies
Experimental Studies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Quasi-experimental Studies
Quasi-experimental Studies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Random Errors in Studies
Random Errors in Studies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Systematic Errors in Studies
Systematic Errors in Studies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Selection Bias
Selection Bias
Signup and view all the flashcards
Information Bias
Information Bias
Signup and view all the flashcards
Loss to Follow-up Bias
Loss to Follow-up Bias
Signup and view all the flashcards
Epidemiological Study
Epidemiological Study
Signup and view all the flashcards
Identifying Risk Factors
Identifying Risk Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Mapping Disease Prevalence
Mapping Disease Prevalence
Signup and view all the flashcards
Identifying Risk & Protective Factors
Identifying Risk & Protective Factors
Signup and view all the flashcards
Evaluating Prevention & Treatment Strategies
Evaluating Prevention & Treatment Strategies
Signup and view all the flashcards
Identifying Health Needs
Identifying Health Needs
Signup and view all the flashcards
Guiding Health Promotion
Guiding Health Promotion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Identifying Priority Health Groups
Identifying Priority Health Groups
Signup and view all the flashcards
QUIT Campaign
QUIT Campaign
Signup and view all the flashcards
Educational Programs & Campaigns
Educational Programs & Campaigns
Signup and view all the flashcards
Legislation
Legislation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Preimplantation Genetic Testing
Preimplantation Genetic Testing
Signup and view all the flashcards
Genetic Engineering for Nutrition
Genetic Engineering for Nutrition
Signup and view all the flashcards
Program Evaluation
Program Evaluation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Statistical Analysis
Statistical Analysis
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the nephron?
What is the nephron?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is filtration?
What is filtration?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is reabsorption?
What is reabsorption?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the middle ear?
What is the middle ear?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is secretion?
What is secretion?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What connects the stapes to the inner ear?
What connects the stapes to the inner ear?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the Eustachian tube?
What is the Eustachian tube?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the function of the loop of Henle?
What is the function of the loop of Henle?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the cochlea?
What is the cochlea?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What happens in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
What happens in the distal tubule and collecting duct?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the organ of Corti?
What is the organ of Corti?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is chronic kidney disease?
What is chronic kidney disease?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is haemodialysis?
What is haemodialysis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What are the 2 types of hair cells in the organ of Corti?
What are the 2 types of hair cells in the organ of Corti?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is peritoneal dialysis?
What is peritoneal dialysis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Describe the cochlea's fluid-filled channels.
Describe the cochlea's fluid-filled channels.
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the principle behind dialysis?
What is the principle behind dialysis?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How are mechanical vibrations converted into electrochemical signals in the cochlea?
How are mechanical vibrations converted into electrochemical signals in the cochlea?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What causes the hair cells to bend in the cochlea?
What causes the hair cells to bend in the cochlea?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do electrical signals from the cochlea reach the brain?
How do electrical signals from the cochlea reach the brain?
Signup and view all the flashcards
How do different frequencies of sound affect the basilar membrane?
How do different frequencies of sound affect the basilar membrane?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Where are high-frequency sounds detected in the cochlea?
Where are high-frequency sounds detected in the cochlea?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is the round window?
What is the round window?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is conductive hearing loss?
What is conductive hearing loss?
Signup and view all the flashcards
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Signup and view all the flashcards
Contact Lens for Myopia
Contact Lens for Myopia
Signup and view all the flashcards
Contact Lens for Hyperopia
Contact Lens for Hyperopia
Signup and view all the flashcards
LASIK Eye Surgery
LASIK Eye Surgery
Signup and view all the flashcards
Osmoregulation
Osmoregulation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nitrogenous Waste Excretion
Nitrogenous Waste Excretion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Urea Excretion
Urea Excretion
Signup and view all the flashcards
Human Excretory System
Human Excretory System
Signup and view all the flashcards
Nephrons in the Kidney
Nephrons in the Kidney
Signup and view all the flashcards
Filtration in Nephron
Filtration in Nephron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Reabsorption in Nephron
Reabsorption in Nephron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Secretion in Nephron
Secretion in Nephron
Signup and view all the flashcards
Renal Corpuscle
Renal Corpuscle
Signup and view all the flashcards
Glomerulus
Glomerulus
Signup and view all the flashcards
Bowman's Capsule
Bowman's Capsule
Signup and view all the flashcards
Rods
Rods
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cones
Cones
Signup and view all the flashcards
Refraction
Refraction
Signup and view all the flashcards
Accommodation
Accommodation
Signup and view all the flashcards
Refractive index
Refractive index
Signup and view all the flashcards
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Myopia (Nearsightedness)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Hyperopia (Farsightedness)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Concave lens
Concave lens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Convex lens
Convex lens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Color blindness
Color blindness
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cornea
Cornea
Signup and view all the flashcards
Aqueous humor
Aqueous humor
Signup and view all the flashcards
Lens
Lens
Signup and view all the flashcards
Vitreous humor
Vitreous humor
Signup and view all the flashcards
Conductive Hearing Loss
Conductive Hearing Loss
Signup and view all the flashcards
Baha (Bone Anchored Hearing Aid)
Baha (Bone Anchored Hearing Aid)
Signup and view all the flashcards
Cochlear Implant
Cochlear Implant
Signup and view all the flashcards
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Sensorineural Hearing Loss
Signup and view all the flashcards
External Portion of Cochlear Implant
External Portion of Cochlear Implant
Signup and view all the flashcards
Internal Portion of Cochlear Implant
Internal Portion of Cochlear Implant
Signup and view all the flashcards
Electrode Array
Electrode Array
Signup and view all the flashcards
Occlusion Effect
Occlusion Effect
Signup and view all the flashcards
Hearing Aid Feedback
Hearing Aid Feedback
Signup and view all the flashcards
Invasive Surgery
Invasive Surgery
Signup and view all the flashcards
Learning to Interpret Sounds
Learning to Interpret Sounds
Signup and view all the flashcards
Iris
Iris
Signup and view all the flashcards
Study Notes
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the process of maintaining a stable internal environment despite external changes. Organisms maintain: temperature, nutrient concentration (glucose), oxygen/carbon dioxide levels, and waste concentration.
- Homeostasis facilitates short-term environmental adaptation.
- Homeostatic stages:
- Stage 1: Detecting change. Receptors (cells sensitive to stimuli) detect internal/external changes (stimuli). Sense organs have high receptor concentrations (e.g., photoreceptors in eyes). Internal receptors constantly monitor internal environment.
- Stage 2: Countering change. Information from receptors travels to the central nervous system (CNS) via sensory neurons. The CNS determines a response and sends a message to effectors (muscles or glands) via motor neurons. This is the stimulus-response pathway.
Negative Feedback Loops
- Most homeostatic systems use negative feedback. The response reduces or counteracts the initial stimulus. A change away from the typical status is prevented – e.g., temperature, water, glucose levels.
- Temperature Regulation:
- Receptors: Thermoreceptors (skin, brain)
- Control Center: Hypothalamus
- Effectors: Sweat glands, smooth muscles (arrector pili), blood vessels (arterioles)
- Temperature rising: Sweat evaporation (high specific heat capacity) cools the body. Arrector pili relax/hairs flatten. Arterioles dilate (vasodilation).
- Temperature falling: Shivering warms the body. Arrector pili contract/hairs raise to trap warm air. Arterioles constrict (vasoconstriction) to retain heat.
- Blood Glucose Regulation:
- Receptors: Pancreas (islet cells)
- Control Center: Hypothalamus
- Effectors: Liver, cells
- High blood glucose: Insulin promotes glucose uptake by cells, converting glucose to glycogen in the liver – decreasing blood sugar.
- Low blood glucose: Glucagon converts glycogen to glucose in the liver, increasing blood sugar. Insulin secretion is inhibited.
Diabetes
- Diabetes occurs when blood glucose regulation is ineffective. It's caused by insufficient insulin production.
- Types:
- Type 1: Autoimmune disorder (inherited). Immune cells attack beta islet cells, reducing insulin production.
- Type 2: Lifestyle factors (diet, inactivity) impair insulin production/use.
- Gestational: Pregnancy can disrupt insulin regulation. Elevated glucose levels can impact fetal development.
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
- Positive feedback reinforces a change. The response continues, and the process accelerates. Not common in homeostasis, but occurs in childbirth (oxytocin release stimulates contractions).
Endotherm vs. Ectotherm
- Endotherms (mammals, birds): Internal body temperature is stable, independent of external temperature. Generate heat through metabolism.
- Ectotherms (invertebrates, fish, reptiles): Body temperature matches the environment. Limited ability to regulate internal temperature.
Adaptations in Endotherms
- Behavioral: Seeking shade, altering posture, nocturnal activity, migration.
- Structural: Insulation (fur, feathers, blubber), surface area to volume ratio (smaller SA/V ratio means less heat loss).
- Physiological: Shivering, torpor (short-term), hibernation (extended decrease).
Internal Coordination Systems
- Nervous system: Rapid response, detects/coordinates responses (brain, spinal cord, sensory/motor neurons).
- Endocrine system: Slower but prolonged response. Hormones coordinate body activities.
- Examples: ADH (water balance), aldosterone (salt balance).
Plant Adaptations for Water Balance
- Stomata: Openings in leaves for gas exchange and transpiration. Regulate water loss.
- Xerophytes (dry environments): Adaptations to minimize water loss include:
- Small surface area to volume ratios, waxy cuticles, and sunken stomata.
- Rolled leaves, hairs, and reflective surfaces.
Non-Infectious Diseases: Causes and Effects
- Non-infectious diseases are not caused by pathogens. Factors like age, genetics, lifestyle, nutrition, and environment influence susceptibility.
- Genetic diseases:
- Single-gene abnormalities: Mutations in genes from parents (e.g. cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia).
- Chromosomal abnormalities: Incorrect number/structure of chromosomes (e.g. Down syndrome)
- Environmental exposure: Lifestyle and environmental toxins, stress, UV light exposure.
- Lifestyle diseases: Result from lifestyle choices impacting organ function (e.g., cardiovascular disease, Type 2 diabetes)
- Nutritional diseases: Imbalances in nutrient intake.
- Undernutrition: Lack of sufficient nutrients.
- Overnutrition: Excessive nutrient intake.
- Cancer: Uncontrolled cell division due to mutations in DNA repair, proto-oncogenes, or tumour suppressor genes.
Epidemiology and Non-Infectious Diseases
- Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns. Collects and analyzes data (incidence, prevalence, mortality) to study patterns and causes of diseases.
- Types of Epidemiological Studies:
- Descriptive: Identify patterns/frequency of disease.
- Analytical: Test hypotheses about disease causes (case-control, cohort).
- Intervention: Evaluate treatments/prevention strategies (experimental, quasi-experimental).
Treatment/Management of Non-Infectious Diseases
- Treatment methods vary by disease. Examples include surgery (early melanoma), radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy (advanced melanoma), and dialysis (kidney failure).
Technologies and Disorders
- Hearing Loss: Conductive or sensorineural loss. Hearing aids, cochlear implants.
- Visual Disorders: Refractive errors (myopia, hyperopia). Glasses, contact lenses, laser eye surgery.
- Kidney Function Loss: Chronic kidney disease. Dialysis, kidney transplant.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge on the mechanisms of homeostasis in organisms. This quiz covers the primary functions, pathways, and components involved in maintaining physiological balance. Ideal for students studying biology and physiology.
