Homeostasis and Feedback Mechanisms
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Questions and Answers

Which movement occurs when a person shrugs their shoulders?

  • Retraction
  • Depression
  • Protraction
  • Elevation (correct)

What type of movement is demonstrated when turning the palm of your hand to face upward, as if holding a bowl of soup?

  • Plantar Flexion
  • Dorsiflexion
  • Supination (correct)
  • Pronation

Which of the following is an example of a hinge joint in the human body?

  • Wrist joint
  • Intercarpal joint
  • Elbow joint (correct)
  • Shoulder joint

If a doctor asks a patient to point their toes downward, which movement are they performing?

<p>Plantar Flexion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of muscle tissue is responsible for involuntary movements within the digestive system?

<p>Smooth muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which movement is best illustrated by lifting the arm out to the side, away from the body?

<p>Abduction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of joint allows for the widest range of motion?

<p>Ball-and-Socket Joint (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ability of muscle tissue to receive and respond to a stimulus is known as:

<p>Excitability (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A surgeon makes an incision that divides the kidney into anterior and posterior portions. Which plane of section was used?

<p>Frontal Plane (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements correctly uses anatomical directional terms?

<p>The heart is ventral to the vertebral column. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a patient reports pain in the right lower quadrant (RLQ), which of the following organs is LEAST likely to be involved?

<p>Urinary Bladder (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents the correct order of serous membrane layers, starting from the outer body wall and moving inward towards an organ?

<p>Parietal serosa, serous fluid, visceral serosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to transmembrane proteins in the plasma membrane would MOST directly affect which function?

<p>Regulating the movement of substances across the membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During an autopsy, which cavity would need to be opened to examine the spinal cord?

<p>Vertebral Cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the MOST inclusive cavity; that is, which cavity contains all the others listed?

<p>Thoracic Cavity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the relationship between the visceral serosa and the parietal serosa?

<p>The parietal serosa lines the body wall; the visceral serosa covers the organs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a positive feedback mechanism?

<p>Increased platelet aggregation during blood clotting. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a feedback loop is responsible for detecting changes in the internal environment?

<p>Receptor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which level of structural organization includes two or more types of tissues working together to perform specific functions?

<p>Organ Level (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which body system is responsible for fast control and communication via electrical signals?

<p>Nervous System (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In anatomical terms, what is the directional term for 'toward the head'?

<p>Superior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During labor, the release of oxytocin that intensifies uterine contractions is an example of which feedback mechanism and why?

<p>Positive feedback, because it amplifies the original stimulus, leading to a greater response. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If body temperature rises too high, the body responds by sweating to cool down. Which component of the feedback loop is responsible for carrying out the action of sweating?

<p>Effector (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the lymphatic system?

<p>Immunity and Fluid Balance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of T-tubules in muscle contraction?

<p>Conducting electrical signals from the sarcolemma to the sarcoplasmic reticulum. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During muscle contraction, what event directly leads to the exposure of myosin-binding sites on actin?

<p>The binding of calcium to troponin, causing tropomyosin to move. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction?

<p>To break down acetylcholine, terminating its signal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the sliding filament model of muscle contraction, what is the direct effect of ATP binding to myosin?

<p>It causes the myosin head to detach from actin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural protein is primarily responsible for anchoring myofibrils to the sarcolemma, providing structural stability to the muscle fiber?

<p>Dystrophin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional result of the shortening of the sarcomere during muscle contraction?

<p>The Z-discs move closer together, shortening the muscle fiber (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During intense exercise, if oxygen supply is insufficient, which metabolic pathway do muscle cells primarily rely on to generate ATP, and what byproduct accumulates?

<p>Anaerobic glycolysis; lactic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which event is most directly triggered by the arrival of a nerve impulse at the neuromuscular junction?

<p>Release of acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During postnatal bone growth, what occurs in the hypertrophic zone of the epiphyseal plate?

<p>Chondrocytes enlarge significantly, preparing the matrix for calcification. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the process of appositional bone growth?

<p>Osteoblasts deposit new bone matrix on the outer surface of the periosteum, increasing bone width. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does parathyroid hormone (PTH) influence bone remodeling?

<p>It stimulates osteoclast activity, leading to increased bone resorption and increased blood calcium levels. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Wolff's Law, how does mechanical stress affect bone?

<p>Bone growth is stimulated in areas subjected to increased stress, leading to increased bone density. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During fracture healing, what is the role of the fibrocartilaginous callus?

<p>To provide an initial, soft stabilization of the fracture fragments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors contributes to the increased risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?

<p>Decreased estrogen production, which accelerates bone resorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do structural classifications of joints differ?

<p>Structural classification is based on the material binding bones, while functional is based on the type of movement allowed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following joint types is characterized by the presence of a joint cavity?

<p>Synovial Joints (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If body temperature rises, which component of a feedback loop would trigger sweating to cool the body down?

<p>The effector (sweat glands) carrying out the response. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following scenarios exemplifies negative feedback maintaining blood glucose levels?

<p>After a meal, insulin is released to lower blood glucose; when glucose is low, glucagon is released to raise it. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering the levels of structural organization, which sequence accurately represents increasing complexity?

<p>Chemical, cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a surgeon needs to access the heart, which body cavity must they open?

<p>Thoracic cavity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these provides the MOST accurate directional orientation? A structure described as 'superior' and 'medial' to the stomach would be:

<p>Above and toward the midline of the stomach. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A CT scan shows a mass in the abdominopelvic cavity. If the mass is located in the region inferior to the umbilical region and medial to the right iliac region, which region is it MOST likely in?

<p>Hypogastric (pubic) region. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Damage to which membrane would MOST directly affect the function of the lungs?

<p>Pleura. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Considering anatomical planes, which plane would allow you to view the brain, nose, and mouth in a single section?

<p>Sagittal plane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A patient reports pain in the upper left quadrant of their abdomen. Which organ is LEAST likely to be the source of the pain?

<p>Liver. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is reproduction considered a necessary life function at the population level, but not necessarily at the individual level?

<p>Individual organisms can survive without reproducing, but populations require reproduction to avoid extinction. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Homeostasis

The maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.

Feedback Mechanisms

Processes that regulate physiological functions using feedback loops.

Negative Feedback

A process that reduces or stops the original stimulus.

Positive Feedback

A process that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.

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Receptor (Sensor)

Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli in a feedback loop.

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Control Center

Determines the set point and processes information from receptors in a feedback loop.

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Effector

Carries out the response to stimuli in a feedback loop.

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Directional Terms

Terms used to explain the position of body structures relative to one another.

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Medial

Toward the midline of the body.

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Lateral

Away from the midline of the body.

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Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into left and right sections.

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Transverse Plane

Divides the body into top and bottom portions.

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Cranial Cavity

Part of the dorsal body cavity that contains the brain.

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Thoracic Cavity

Houses the lungs and heart within the ventral body cavity.

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Serous Membrane

Thin, double-layered membranes covering organs in the ventral cavity.

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Phospholipid Bilayer

Structure of the plasma membrane with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

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Hyperextension

Extension of a joint beyond normal range, like bending the head backward.

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Abduction

Movement of a body part away from the midline, such as raising an arm sideways.

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Adduction

Movement of a body part toward the midline, such as lowering an arm to the side.

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Circumduction

Circular movement of a body part, often at joints like the shoulder.

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Supination

Palm-facing anteriorly, as if holding a bowl of soup.

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Dorsiflexion

Foot movement where the toes are lifted towards the shin.

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Ball-and-Socket Joints

Joints that allow the most freedom of movement, like the hip and shoulder.

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Excitability

The property of muscle tissue that allows it to respond to stimuli.

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Epiphyseal Plate

Area of hyaline cartilage for bone growth in length.

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Bone Growth Zones

Five zones involved in lengthening bones: Resting, Proliferation, Hypertrophic, Calcification, Ossification.

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Appositional Growth

Increase in bone width by osteoblasts and osteoclasts throughout life.

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Bone Remodeling

Continuous process replacing old bone with new bone influenced by hormones and stress.

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Types of Fractures

Fractures vary: nondisplaced, displaced, complete, incomplete, open, closed.

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Fracture Healing Stages

Healing involves four stages: Hematoma, Callus formation, Bony Callus, Bone Remodeling.

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Osteoporosis

Condition of weakened bones due to more resorption than deposition; common in aged females.

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Joints Classification

Joints are categorized as fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial based on structure.

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Contractility

The ability of muscle fibers to shorten forcefully during contractions.

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Extensibility

The ability of muscle fibers to stretch without being injured.

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Elasticity

The ability of muscle fibers to return to their original shape after stretching.

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Origin in Muscle Attachments

The point where a muscle attaches to an immovable bone.

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Insertion in Muscle Attachments

The point where a muscle attaches to a movable bone.

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Sarcomere

The functional unit of muscle that contains myofilaments for contraction.

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Myosin

A thick filament that binds to actin for muscle contraction.

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Tropomyosin

A regulatory protein that covers myosin binding sites on actin.

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Negative feedback example

Regulation of body temperature is a negative feedback mechanism.

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Role of receptor

Monitors changes and detects stimuli in a feedback loop.

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Control center in feedback

Determines the appropriate response based on input from receptors.

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Effector function

Carries out the response to restore homeostasis in a feedback loop.

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Ventral body cavity exclusions

The ventral body cavity does not contain the brain.

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Pleural cavity contents

The pleural cavity contains the lungs.

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Anatomical position

Standing upright, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward.

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Right lumbar region organ

The right lumbar region contains the ascending colon.

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Hypogastric region organ

The hypogastric region contains the bladder.

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Necessary life functions

The necessary life functions include reproduction, responsiveness, and growth, but not decomposition.

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Study Notes

Homeostasis

  • Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment despite external changes.
  • Examples include regulation of blood sugar, body temperature, and blood pressure.
  • Variables in homeostasis include blood glucose levels, body temperature, and blood volume.

Feedback Mechanisms

  • Negative Feedback: A process that reduces or shuts off the original stimulus.
    • Examples include regulation of body temperature (sweating/shivering) and regulation of blood glucose by insulin.
  • Positive Feedback: A process that enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus.
    • Examples include labor contractions (oxytocin increases contractions) and blood clotting (platelet aggregation speeds up clot formation).

Components of a Feedback Loop

  • Receptor (Sensor): Monitors the environment and responds to stimuli.
  • Control Center: Determines the set point, processes information from the receptor, and sends instructions.
  • Effector: Carries out the response (e.g., muscle shivering or glands secreting hormones).

Levels of Structural Organization

  • Chemical Level: Atoms and molecules.
  • Cellular Level: Cells and organelles.
  • Tissue Level: Groups of similar cells (e.g., epithelial tissue).
  • Organ Level: Two or more tissue types (e.g., heart, stomach).
  • Organ System Level: Organs working together (e.g., digestive system).
  • Organismal Level: The whole body.

Body Systems and Functions

  • Integumentary: Skin, protection, vitamin D production.
  • Skeletal: Bones, structure, movement, blood cell production.
  • Muscular: Movement, posture, heat production.
  • Nervous: Fast control, communication via electrical signals.
  • Endocrine: Hormonal regulation, slower control.
  • Cardiovascular: Circulates blood, oxygen, and nutrients.
  • Lymphatic: Immunity, fluid balance.
  • Respiratory: Oxygen intake, carbon dioxide removal.
  • Digestive: Nutrient breakdown and absorption.
  • Urinary: Filters blood, waste elimination.
  • Reproductive: Produces offspring.

Anatomical Terms for Body Regions, Sections, and Positions

  • Superior (Cranial): Toward the head.
  • Anterior (Ventral): Front of the body.
  • Inferior (Caudal): Toward the feet.
  • Posterior (Dorsal): Back of the body.
  • Medial: Toward the midline.
  • Lateral: Away from the midline.
  • Proximal: Closer to the point of attachment.
  • Distal: Farther from the point of attachment.
  • Body Planes: Sagittal (divides into left and right), Frontal (Coronal) (divides into front and back), Transverse (Horizontal) (divides into top and bottom).

Body Cavities

  • Dorsal: Cranial (brain) and vertebral (spinal cord).
  • Ventral: Thoracic (pleural cavities, mediastinum, pericardial cavity); Abdominopelvic (abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity).
  • Membranes: Serous membranes (Parietal and visceral serosa) line body cavities, and contain Serous fluid for lubrication.
  • Quadrants/Regions: Four quadrants (RUQ, LUQ, RLQ, LLQ) and nine regions (right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac, etc.) used to locate organs and structures.

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Description

Explore homeostasis, the maintenance of a stable internal environment. Learn about negative and positive feedback mechanisms, including body temperature and blood glucose regulation. Understand the roles of receptors, control centers, and effectors in maintaining balance.

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