30 Questions
What is the typical range of lethal temperatures for most animals?
30-45°C
What is unique about the body temperature of endotherms?
It remains relatively constant despite environmental changes
Which of the following is an example of an endotherm?
Tuna
What is the purpose of the female python's ability to maintain a higher body temperature?
To regulate brooding and egg development
Which group of animals are classic examples of endotherms?
Birds and mammals
What is one way endotherms cope with extremely cold environments?
By tolerating the cold
What is the primary function of temperature control in the human body?
To regulate body temperature
What is the result of perturbation in a non-homeostatic mechanism?
Movement away from the setpoint
What is the purpose of positive feedback in childbirth?
To increase uterine contractions to push the baby through the birth canal
What is the result of the release of hormones during childbirth?
Stronger and more frequent uterine contractions
What is the purpose of positive feedback in blood clotting?
To speed up blood clotting to prevent excessive blood loss
What happens to the positive feedback loop in childbirth and blood clotting?
It stops after the child is born or the tear is filled
What do larger, well-insulated endotherms experience before smaller, less-insulated ones in a hot environment?
Heat stress
How do humans and some other mammals primarily lose heat through evaporation?
Sweating
Which animals are incapable of sweating to cool down?
Dogs and birds
What is gular fluttering, and what does it achieve?
Rapid movement of the throat region to increase evaporation
What is a potentially dangerous strategy for endotherms to maintain their core body temperature?
Becoming hyperthermic temporarily
What is the function of thermoreceptors in endotherms?
To monitor body temperature
What is a key difference in the production of gametes between males and females?
Sperm are produced continuously, while eggs develop over time
How do the products of meiosis differ between spermatogenesis and oogenesis?
All four products of meiosis develop into sperm in spermatogenesis
What is the duration of sperm development?
About 7 weeks
When do immature eggs form in the female?
In the female embryo
What is the mechanism that brings together sperm and eggs of the same species?
Fertilization
What type of fertilization occurs when eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment?
External fertilization
What is the primary purpose of a nutritionally adequate diet for an animal?
To satisfy all three nutritional needs simultaneously
What is the primary source of ATP generation in animals?
The oxidation of organic fuel molecules
What happens to excess energy when an animal takes in more calories than it needs to produce ATP?
It is used for biosynthesis
Which of the following dietary categories includes animals that eat both plants and animals?
Omnivores
What is the source of some nutrients for most carnivores?
The digestive tract of their prey
What is the role of monomers in an animal's diet?
They are used as fuel for cellular work
Study Notes
Thermoregulation
- Some animals can elevate their upper lethal temperature to survive in extreme temperatures between 30-45°C.
- Endotherms (animals that regulate their body temperature internally) maintain a relatively constant body temperature, despite external environment changes.
- Examples of endotherms include birds, mammals, and some fish (e.g., tuna) and reptiles (e.g., female python).
Adaptations to Extreme Temperatures
- Endotherms adapt to extreme cold by tolerating it, using positive feedback mechanisms, or controlling temperature through homeostasis.
- In hot environments, endotherms can:
- Increase water loss through evaporation (e.g., sweating in humans, panting in dogs and birds).
- Use gular fluttering (rapid movement of the throat region) to increase evaporation (in birds).
- Become hyperthermic by retaining metabolic heat (e.g., desert camels).
Gametogenesis
- Gametogenesis is the production of gametes (sperm or eggs).
- Spermatogenesis (sperm production) is continuous and prolific, with millions of sperm produced daily.
- Oogenesis (egg production) is a prolonged process, with immature eggs forming in the female embryo and completing development years or decades later.
- Spermatogenesis differs from oogenesis in three ways:
- All four products of meiosis develop into sperm, while only one becomes an egg.
- Spermatogenesis occurs throughout adolescence and adulthood.
- Sperm are produced continuously without interruptions.
Fertilization
- Fertilization depends on mechanisms that bring together sperm and eggs of the same species.
- External fertilization occurs when eggs shed by the female are fertilized by sperm in the external environment.
Animal Nutrition
- All animals eat other organisms, either dead or alive, whole or by the piece (including parasites).
- Animals fit into three dietary categories:
- Herbivores (eat mainly autotrophs, such as plants and algae).
- Carnivores (eat other animals).
- Omnivores (consume animal and plant or algal matter).
- A nutritionally adequate diet must satisfy three nutritional needs:
- Provide fuel for cellular work.
- Supply organic raw materials for constructing organic molecules.
- Provide essential nutrients that the animal cannot make from raw materials.
ATP Generation
- ATP generation is based on the oxidation of organic fuel molecules (carbohydrates, proteins, and fats) in cellular respiration.
- The monomers of these substances can be used as fuel.
- Excess energy can be used for biosynthesis, growth, reproduction, or stored in energy depots.
Understand the concepts of homeostasis, non-homeostatic mechanisms, and positive feedback in the context of physiological processes, such as temperature control and childbirth.
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