Homeostasis and Body Systems Quiz

<p>Blood clotting (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protecting the body from foreign substances (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The close proximity of cells to capillaries (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Air pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Regulating blood sugar levels through insulin production (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To decrease the concentration of hydrogen ions in the blood. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased lymphatic drainage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It converts carbon dioxide and water into carbonic acid. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is a logarithmic scale, meaning a change of one pH unit represents a tenfold change in hydrogen ion concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chemical buffer systems (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase the rate and depth of breathing. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excretion of carbon dioxide. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To remove excess fluid from the interstitial spaces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyponatremia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By reducing the ability of the heart to pump blood effectively, leading to increased capillary pressure and filtration. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Because the brain cells have time to adjust to the lower sodium concentration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces the amount of fluid that can accumulate in the interstitial spaces. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It causes water to move out of cells, reducing intracellular volume. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased lymphatic drainage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interstitial fluid pressure would increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They act as buffers by binding to hydrogen ions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Conversion of CO2 to bicarbonate in the blood (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Converting CO2 to bicarbonate and vice versa (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory alkalosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Metabolic acidosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Storing and transmitting genetic information (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uracil (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcription (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Synthesizing proteins (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitochondria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Providing a site for ribosome attachment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A form of cell death that is programmed and regulated (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Apoptosis is a regulated process while necrosis is uncontrolled (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Eating a balanced diet (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They determine an individual's sex (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A condition where cells contain an abnormal number of chromosomes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The interchange of genetic material between non-homologous chromosomes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a countercurrent exchanger, minimizing the washout of solutes from the interstitium. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH increases water permeability in the distal tubules and collecting ducts, allowing for greater water reabsorption. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The osmolarity remains relatively constant in the proximal tubule, increases in the descending loop of Henle, and decreases in the ascending loop of Henle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parathyroid hormone: Increases calcium reabsorption, leading to concentrated urine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Type A cells secrete hydrogen ions, while type B cells secrete bicarbonate ions, helping to regulate blood pH. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ascending loop of Henle actively transports sodium and chloride ions out of the tubule, creating a hypertonic environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ADH activates urea transporters in the collecting duct, allowing urea to diffuse into the interstitium, increasing its osmolarity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body would excrete large volumes of dilute urine, leading to dehydration. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both the osmoreceptor system and thirst mechanism directly stimulate ADH release, leading to concentrated urine formation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The rate of blood flow through the afferent arteriole. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased water reabsorption, leading to concentrated urine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the rate of glomerular filtration, as it is neither reabsorbed nor secreted by the tubules. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The kidneys will conserve water by producing concentrated urine, potentially leading to electrolyte imbalances. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The descending loop passively reabsorbs water, while the ascending loop actively reabsorbs sodium and chloride ions, creating a hypertonic medullary interstitium. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Two grams a day or less (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proteinuria and albuminemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute glomerulonephritis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Renal stones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased production of erythropoietin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To silence genes by adding methyl groups to cytosine bases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By determining the tightness of DNA binding to histones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Totipotency. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prader-Willi syndrome. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It may impair neural stem cell differentiation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Managing sodium and water levels. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Red blood cell production in bone marrow. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Russell-Silver syndrome. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They may reverse epigenetic modifications. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can have long-term health consequences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can display different DNA methylation patterns. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They reduce chromatin compaction. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It implies mothers and fathers have different evolutionary interests. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It allows for greater DNA compaction than histones. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased extracellular fluid volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increases potassium secretion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Active transport in the loop of Henle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urine volume decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypernatremia (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extracellular potassium concentration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes sodium retention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased osmolarity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood volume and extracellular fluid volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trisomy 21 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aldosterone (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Match excretion with intake (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Must be homozygous to be expressed (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits phosphate reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The proportion of individuals with a genotype that express the expected phenotype (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Autosomal dominant (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Height (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemophilia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Turner syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Locus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The risk doubles if there is an affected first-degree relative. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tailoring treatment based on genetic and environmental factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High likelihood of twin birth (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Twin studies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tobacco use (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>10-15 micrometers (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain capillaries (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diffusion (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Capillary pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1/6 of total body fluid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Slightly positive (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Interstitial spaces (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2-3 liters (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased plasma protein concentration (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reabsorbs filtered substances and produces urine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2100 ml (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Digestion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Through a fenestrated capillary structure with negative charges (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>28-42 liters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low effective circulating volume or low perfusion pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Promotes water reabsorption in the collecting duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Loop diuretics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Separating ICF from ECF (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They primarily affect the early distal tubules (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased lymphatic drainage (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>180 liters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creatinine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>By excreting excess hydrogen and restoring bicarbonate levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glomerulus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Net filtration pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitates sodium reabsorption in exchange for potassium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>GFR decreases (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Counter current multiplication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Large volumes of fluid flushed into urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They have specialized vasa recta for concentrated urine (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Smooth muscle (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Distal collecting duct (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They control urine release (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Inhibits peristaltic contractions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubular secretion (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Some substances are secreted into the tubules (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tension in the bladder walls (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To retain essential substances (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bilayer of lipids with embedded proteins and carbohydrates. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oxygen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating the movement of large molecules. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple diffusion requires carrier proteins, while facilitated diffusion does not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of enzymes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Facilitating the diffusion of water molecules. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ligand-gated channels are opened by chemicals binding to them, while voltage-gated channels are opened by electrical signals. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The movement of sodium ions from a low concentration to a high concentration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain a constant concentration of sodium and potassium ions inside the cell. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The steeper the concentration gradient, the faster the rate of diffusion. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pH of the solution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The maximum rate at which the carrier protein can change states. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Simple diffusion is limited by the number of carrier proteins. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pinocytosis involves the uptake of fluids, while phagocytosis involves the uptake of large particles. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease bicarbonate reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Spironolactone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of nitrogen waste in blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Post-renal AKI (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased bicarbonate reabsorption (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complete kidney failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Medications and ischemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compensatory changes causing further injury (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive urine output (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperkalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypertension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is prone to ischemic injury (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It decreases glomerular hydrostatic pressure and GFR. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure gradient across the renal vasculature and vascular resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tubuloglomerular feedback. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Is important for maintaining normal kidney function through vasodilation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcellular and paracellular pathways. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Glucose. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Antidiuretic hormone (ADH). (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sodium. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases renal blood flow and GFR. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To move solutes against an electrochemical gradient. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Creatinine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases while renal blood flow decreases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They constrict afferent and efferent arterioles, reducing both GFR and renal blood flow. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The concentration of potassium ions inside the cell (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It becomes more positive. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They close, preventing further sodium influx. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To increase the speed of nerve signal transmission. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local current flow from depolarized areas triggers depolarization in adjacent resting areas. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is responsible for maintaining the resting membrane potential. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The electrical potential of a particular ion across a membrane. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>-55 mV (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Saltatory conduction (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Calcium (Ca2+) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They open during repolarization, contributing to the restoration of negative membrane potential. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An action potential will only be triggered if the stimulus intensity reaches a certain threshold. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The diffusion potential when the membrane is permeable to several ions. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It is at its most negative value. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potassium channels open, allowing potassium ions to flow out of the cell. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary active transport uses ATP directly, while secondary active transport uses the energy stored in ionic gradients. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The glucose transporter (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The body's ability to maintain a stable internal environment.

Fluid outside cells; rich in sodium, chloride, and nutrients.

Fluid inside cells; contains potassium, magnesium, and phosphate.

A control system that returns factors to normal when abnormal.

A mechanism that amplifies an initial stimulus.

Systems that regulate body functions, including genetic controls.

Coordinates body responses; includes sensory input and motor output.

Protects body from foreign substances using white blood cells.

Water movement across a selectively permeable membrane, influenced by osmotic pressure.

The pressure required to stop osmosis; determined by particle concentration.

Transport method using ATP directly to move ions against their gradient.

A primary active transport mechanism that exchanges 3 Na+ out and 2 K+ in per ATP cycle.

Transport mechanisms that move calcium ions out of the cell or into storage like the sarcoplasmic reticulum.

Transport proteins important for acid-base balance in stomach and kidneys.

Uses the energy from ionic gradients established by primary transport to move other substances.

A type of secondary active transport where two substances move in the same direction into the cell.

A secondary active transport where one ion moves in while another moves out.

The voltage difference across a membrane due to ion concentration differences.

The stable voltage across a membrane at rest, typically around -70 mV for nerve fibers.

Rapid change in membrane potential that propagates nerve signals.

Phase in action potential where the membrane becomes more positive due to sodium influx.

Insulating layer around the axon that speeds up nerve signal conduction.

The process where action potentials jump between nodes of Ranvier, increasing transmission speed.

Cells are primarily composed of water and organic molecules.

A lipid bilayer that regulates substance entry and exit.

Two layers of lipids with hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails.

Proteins that span the membrane, aiding in transport.

Proteins that attach to one surface of the membrane.

Carbohydrate layer on the cell surface, forms receptors.

Network of tubules for processing and transporting molecules.

Packages and processes substances from the ER.

Organelles containing enzymes to digest waste and damaged structures.

Self-replicating organelles that produce ATP, the energy currency.

Movement of substances against a gradient, requiring energy.

Requires a carrier protein to move substances across the membrane.

Movement of molecules from high to low concentration.

Difference in concentration of ions inside vs outside the cell.

Selective pathways for specific molecules to cross the membrane.

Effect of a solution on cell volume changes.

Solution causing no cell volume change.

Solution that causes cell swelling due to water influx.

Solution that causes cell shrinking due to water efflux.

Swelling of cells due to excess water retention.

Fluid accumulation outside cells, often due to blood vessel leakage.

Sodium chloride influences fluid movement between ICF and ECF.

Quickly respond to acidic changes in body pH.

Combines CO2 and H2O to regulate pH via carbonic acid.

Removes CO2 to help regulate extracellular pH quickly.

Excrete acid or alkaline urine over hours to days.

Low sodium in plasma causing rapid fluid shifts.

Resistance of tissue spaces to fluid accumulation.

Abnormal fluid accumulation due to several factors, including heart failure.

Bicarbonate combines with hydrogen to form carbonic acid, dissociating into CO2 and H2O.

An enzyme that catalyzes the formation of carbonic acid from CO2 and H2O.

Acidosis caused by impaired CO2 elimination, often linked to respiratory conditions.

Condition resulting from excessive ventilation, common at high altitude.

Acidosis not caused by increased CO2 levels, often due to bicarbonate loss.

The difference between measured cations and anions in the blood to help diagnose acid-base disorders.

Genes are DNA segments located in the nucleus, composed of phosphoric acid, deoxyribose, and bases.

The process of copying the genetic code from DNA to RNA.

The synthesis of proteins in the ribosome, where mRNA is read.

The life cycle of a cell, including growth, DNA replication, and division.

Programmed cell death where cells shrink and are digested by neighbors.

Occurs from mutations or abnormal gene activation affecting cell growth.

Includes deletions, duplications, inversions, and translocations of genetic material.

Mutations that can be passed to future generations, affecting offspring.

Diploid cells containing 23 pairs of chromosomes, excluding gametes.

Areas on chromosomes that show breaks or gaps, like in fragile X syndrome.

Usually caused by trisomy 21; more common with older mothers.

A condition in females where only one X chromosome is present, totaling 45 chromosomes.

A condition in males with two X chromosomes and one Y chromosome (XXY).

The specific location of a gene on a chromosome.

Different forms of a gene that occupy the same locus.

The genetic composition at a specific locus.

The observable characteristics resulting from genotype and environment interaction.

An allele that masks the effects of other alleles in a heterozygous condition.

An allele that is expressed only in homozygous form.

Traits that appear in both sexes equally, with 50% transmission to offspring from affected parents.

Traits more common in males; affected fathers pass the trait to all daughters (who are carriers).

The percentage of individuals with a specific genotype that exhibit the expected phenotype.

When individuals with a disease-causing allele do not show the disease phenotype.

Medical treatment tailored to individual genetic and environmental factors.

The addition of methyl groups to DNA, affecting gene regulation.

Chemical changes to histones that influence DNA packaging and gene access.

Role of RNA in regulating gene expression and epigenetic changes.

The ability of early embryo cells to become any somatic cell.

Random inactivation of one X chromosome in female cells during development.

Non-Mendelian inheritance where one gene copy is silenced based on parent origin.

Disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 15 from the father.

Disorder caused by a deletion on chromosome 15 from the mother.

Caused by inheriting two copies of chromosome 11 from the father.

Influence of factors like prenatal alcohol on brain development and gene methylation.

Nutritional deprivation in utero can affect health across generations.

Monozygotic twins show different methylation patterns as they age.

Potentially reversible epigenetic modifications for disease therapy.

Drugs that reduce chromatin compaction, promising for cancer treatment.

Emerging treatments targeting specific genes altered in cancer.

The circulation of blood through the smallest blood vessels including capillaries.

Capillaries have thin walls (0.5 micrometers) to facilitate rapid diffusion.

Muscular rings that regulate blood flow into capillaries.

Forces determining fluid movement across capillary membranes: capillary pressure and osmotic pressures.

The difference between forces pushing fluid out and those pulling it in; determines direction of fluid movement.

Accessory route for fluid drainage from interstitial spaces to blood; helps with fluid balance.

Fluid found in the spaces between cells, containing nutrients and waste products.

Fluid is filtered out at the arterial end of capillaries and reabsorbed at the venous end.

Pressure exerted by a liquid at rest, which can push fluids out of capillaries.

Oxygen concentration regulates blood vessel diameter and flow.

Capillary clefts vary by organ; some are tight (brain), wide (liver), or fenestrated (kidneys).

The average daily intake of water is about 2100 ml plus 200 ml from metabolism.

Fluids are divided into intracellular (ICF) and extracellular (ECF) compartments, balancing fluid distribution.

Water loss occurs through evaporation, diffusion, sweat, and urine; need to balance with intake.

Factors like interstitial fluid pressure increase lymphatic drainage from tissues.

The two main regions of the kidney; cortex is outer, medulla is inner.

8-10 triangular structures in the renal medulla that end in papillae.

Structures that collect urine from papillae and form the renal pelvis.

The organ that stores urine before excretion; has body and neck.

The reflex initiated by bladder tension that leads to urination.

Muscle in the bladder wall that contracts to expel urine.

Functional units of the kidney; each kidney has 800k to 1 million.

A cluster of capillaries for blood filtration in each nephron.

Process of reabsorbing water and solutes back into the blood from tubules.

Rate at which blood is filtered through the kidneys, approx. 180L daily.

Structure formed by capillary membranes that selectively filters blood.

The movement of urine from the kidneys through the ureters to the bladder.

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the glomerulus to peritubular capillaries.

Involuntary muscle contractions that move urine towards the bladder via the ureters.

Process where substances are moved from blood into the nephron tubules.

CKD can lead to excess sodium, water retention, hyperkalemia, and metabolic acidosis.

A condition marked by proteinuria, edema, and decreased oncotic pressure due to glomerular damage.

Abrupt onset of hematuria and proteinuria with decreased GFR, causing salt and water retention.

Flank pain, possible hematuria, occurring when stones move to the ureter.

Decreased erythropoietin production leads to low red blood cell counts in CKD patients.

Cells in the kidney that regulate acid-base balance by secreting hydrogen or bicarbonate ions.

A subtype of intercalated cells that secrete hydrogen ions to decrease acidity.

A subtype of intercalated cells that secrete bicarbonate to increase blood pH.

A hormone that increases sodium and water retention while promoting potassium and hydrogen secretion.

A hormone that promotes sodium and fluid retention, enhancing renal reabsorption of sodium.

A hormone that increases water permeability in the kidneys, reducing urine output when needed.

A hormone that inhibits sodium and water reabsorption, promoting diuresis.

The process where increased tubular load enhances reabsorption rates in the kidneys.

A substance used to measure glomerular filtration rate (GFR) as it is neither reabsorbed nor secreted.

The volume of plasma cleared of a substance by the kidneys per unit time.

A mechanism in the loops of Henle that establishes a concentration gradient for water reabsorption.

Urea contributes significantly to the osmolarity of renal medullary interstitium, helping reabsorb water.

Blood vessels surrounding the loops of Henle that act as countercurrent exchangers to maintain medullary osmolarity.

Osmolarity varies in different nephron segments, influenced by solute and water reabsorption.

Sodium concentration is maintained between 104-145 mEq/L, impacting fluid balance in the body.

The pressure within the glomerulus that drives filtration in the kidneys.

Resistance in the blood vessels supplying the glomerulus, affecting GFR.

Resistance in blood vessels leaving the glomerulus, influencing renal blood flow.

The volume of blood delivered to the kidneys per unit time.

Activation constricts renal arterioles, reducing blood flow and GFR.

Norepinephrine and angiotensin II constrict arterioles to reduce GFR.

Kidneys maintain consistent GFR despite blood pressure changes.

Mechanism linking sodium chloride concentration with kidney blood flow adjustment.

Energy-requiring process to move substances against their concentration gradient.

Specific sections of the nephron where reabsorption occurs.

The saturation limit for reabsorption of certain substances.

Active process of substances being secreted into the renal tubules.

Process of reabsorbing only half of the filtered urea in the kidneys.

Reclaims salts and water after filtration.

Regulates blood pressure via sodium and water balance.

Increased urine production due to high solute concentration.

Medications that block reabsorption in the loop of Henle.

Block sodium-chloride reabsorption in early distal tubules.

The kidneys manage body pH by excreting or reabsorbing acids and bases.

Hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production.

Managed primarily in the distal collecting duct under hormonal influence.

Hormone that promotes water reabsorption in the kidneys.

Medications that inhibit carbonic anhydrase, reducing bicarbonate reabsorption in kidneys.

A potassium-sparing diuretic that antagonizes aldosterone, reducing sodium reabsorption.

Agents like amiloride that inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidneys.

A rapid loss of kidney function characterized by high serum creatinine and low urine output.