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Questions and Answers
ما هو تعريف الأنتيجين؟
ما هو تعريف الأنتيجين؟
أي مادة غريبة عن الجسم تحفز جهاز المناعة على المقاومة
ما هو تعريف الإمونوجين؟
ما هو تعريف الإمونوجين؟
نوع من الأنتيجينات التي تحفز الجهاز المناعي على إنتاج الأجسام المضادة.
ما هي الاستجابة المناعية؟
ما هي الاستجابة المناعية؟
رد فعل الجسم على المواد الغريبة.
ما هي الاستجابة المناعية الفطرية؟
ما هي الاستجابة المناعية الفطرية؟
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ما هي الاستجابة المناعية المكتسبة؟
ما هي الاستجابة المناعية المكتسبة؟
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ما هي خصائص الإمونوجين؟
ما هي خصائص الإمونوجين؟
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الوزن الجزيئي أقل من 10 KD لا يمكن أن تحفز الجهاز المناعي.
الوزن الجزيئي أقل من 10 KD لا يمكن أن تحفز الجهاز المناعي.
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يمكن لمادة ذات وزن جزيئي أقل من 10 KD تحفيز الجهاز المناعي عن طريق الارتباط بمادة أخرى.
يمكن لمادة ذات وزن جزيئي أقل من 10 KD تحفيز الجهاز المناعي عن طريق الارتباط بمادة أخرى.
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لا يمكن للخلايا المناعية أن تفرق بين الخلايا الذاتية وغير الذاتية.
لا يمكن للخلايا المناعية أن تفرق بين الخلايا الذاتية وغير الذاتية.
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Study Notes
Antigen and Immunogen
- Antigen: Any foreign substance that triggers an immune response.
- Immunogen: An antigen with the specific characteristics to stimulate an immune response.
- Immune response: The reaction of the immune system to an immunogen.
- Immunogen properties:
- Molecular weight greater than 10 kDa is ideal.
- Complex structure (e.g., microorganism, not just epitopes).
- Non-self (foreign). The greater the difference from human-derived antigens, the better the response.
- Accessible.
- Route of antigen entry into the body is also important.
Immune System Functions
- Beneficial:
- Prevents the entry of foreign agents.
- Prevents the growth of cancerous cells.
- Potential Harm:
- In cases like COVID-19, the body's overreaction can lead to damage. Instead of 5,000 immune cells, only 500 might be present in parts of the respiratory system. This can cause respiratory failure.
Allergies
- Reduced tolerance to self-cells.
Cancer
- The immune system's ability to fight cancer can weaken over time.
Edward Jenner
- Jenner, considered the "father of immunology," observed that milkmaids rarely contracted smallpox.
- Jenner's study and vaccination using cowpox led to the development of smallpox vaccinations.
Types of Granulocytes
- Neutrophils
- Eosinophils
- Basophils
- Mast cells (mastocytes)
- Platelets (derived from megakaryocytes)
Innate Immunity
- Present from birth, no prior training needed.
- Rapid response to antigens.
- Mechanisms include skin barriers, responses to acidic environments, normal flora on skin, reflexes like sneezing and coughing, urinary reflexes and eye reflexes.
Adaptive Immunity
- Resistance acquired by the body against foreign agents.
- Can become long-lasting and lead to immunological memory.
Dendritic Cells (DCs)
- Professional antigen-presenting cells (APCs).
- Primarily reside in tissues, especially skin and mucosal surfaces.
- Important link between innate and adaptive immunity.
Natural Killer (NK) cells
- Derived from lymphoid lineage and have characteristics similar to lymphocytes.
- Functions:
- Destroy cancer cells.
- Destroy virus-infected cells.
- Signal for activation of other immune cells
- NK cell killing: Releasing perforin to create pores in the target cell membrane (allowing entry of granzymes) leading to programmed cell death (apoptosis).
Basophils and Mast Cells
- Both release histamine and other inflammatory mediators.
- Basophils are in the blood; mast cells are primarily found in tissues.
Other immune cells:
- Monocytes
- Macrophages
Antigen Presentation (APC)
- APCs engulf antigens, digest them, and present fragments on their surface.
- These fragments are recognized by T cells.
- Neutrophils are not APCs but play a role in digestion and presenting.
Complement System
- Various functions, including:
- Tagging foreign cells for destruction.
- Promoting inflammation.
- Activation pathways:
- Classical
- Alternative
- Lectin
- Control mechanisms:
- Inhibitors present to prevent uncontrolled activation.
- Disorders:
- Deficiencies can increase susceptibility to infections.
Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)
- Structure:
- Heavy chains
- Light chains
- Constant region (Fc)
- Variable region (Fab)
- Hinge region
- Function:
Types of Immunoglobulins (Antibodies)
- IgG
- IgA
- IgM
- IgE
- IgD
Factors influencing Ab reactions:
- Temperature (e.g., cold vs. warm reacting antibodies).
- pH.
- Ag concentration
- Affinity, specificity
Antibody-Mediated Immunity (Humoral Immunity)
- B cells produce antibodies.
Antigen-Dependent vs. Antigen-Independent Response
- Antigen-Dependent (cells require initial T-cell help)
- Production of memory cells. Response is more intense and faster in subsequent reactions.
- Antigen-Independent
- Ig(M) is often the primary antibody response.
- Limited memory cells produced.
Immune System Response Phases
- Primary Immune Response
- Secondary Immune Response (class switching)
Immunological Tests
- Various tests, e.g., ELISA, blood tests, skin tests, for diagnosing and monitoring various immune responses.
Immune System Disorders
- Primary immunodeficiencies:
- Secondary (acquired) immunodeficiencies:
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Description
اختبر معرفتك حول الأنتيجينات، المناعية، ووظائف الجهاز المناعي. سيتم تناول مواضيع كالأجسام الغريبة، الاستجابة المناعية، والآثار المحتملة لتحفيز الاستجابة المناعية. هل أنت مستعد للتحدي؟
