Questions and Answers
What is a specific characteristic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Which factor is NOT commonly associated with the aetiology of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
What is the primary treatment approach for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
Which classification represents the most common type of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What are B symptoms in lymphoma characterized by?
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What diagnostic method is essential for confirming Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which subtype of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma accounts for the majority of cases?
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What is the prognosis for children diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What commonly characterizes Hodgkin's Lymphoma in terms of prognosis and associated cells?
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Which of the following factors is most commonly linked to the aetiology of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which classification of Hodgkin's Lymphoma has the worst prognosis?
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What is a unique symptom associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma, specifically related to alcohol consumption?
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What is a rare, specific symptom of Hodgkin's Lymphoma characterized by fever patterns?
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Which diagnostic method is primarily required to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What is the primary treatment approach for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which type of lymphoma accounts for approximately 85% of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases?
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What percentage of Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases are classified as Classical?
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Which viral infection is most commonly associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which diagnostic method is crucial for identifying Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What is a notable symptom that can occur after alcohol consumption in patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What is the primary chromosome translocation associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What is the typical survival rate for patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma lymphadenopathy?
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Which environmental factor is commonly linked to the development of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What is a distinguishing characteristic of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in terms of lymphadenopathy?
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Which autoimmunity condition is linked to both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What is the most common aetiological factor for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which of the following B symptoms is associated with both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which classification type has the poorest prognosis among Hodgkin's Lymphoma subtypes?
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What is a rare symptom specifically linked to Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which imaging method is crucial for assessing the stage of progression in Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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In Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, what clinical manifestation indicates a higher grade of disease?
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What is a common viral infection linked to the aetiology of both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which subtype of Hodgkin's Lymphoma has the best prognosis?
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What hematological finding is specifically indicated in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which environmental factor is commonly associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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In which part of the body does the painful lymphadenopathy resulting from Hodgkin's Lymphoma typically occur?
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Which type of lymphoma accounts for approximately 15% of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases?
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What specific symptom of Hodgkin's Lymphoma is rarely experienced after the ingestion of alcohol?
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Which treatment is primarily used for both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What is the primary chromosomal translocation associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which factor is NOT associated with the aetiology of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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Which subtype of Hodgkin's Lymphoma has the worst prognosis?
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Which B symptom is commonly associated with both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What specific finding is needed to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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In Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, what is a sign that may indicate a higher grade of disease?
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Which treatment is primarily used for both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?
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What unique symptom associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma can occur after alcohol ingestion?
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Study Notes
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Definition: Cancer derived from lymphocytes, notably featuring multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells, a form of B lymphocyte.
-
Aetiology:
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) accounts for approximately 45% of cases.
- Associated with immunodeficiencies (e.g., organ transplant, HIV, immunosuppressants).
- Linked to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
-
Classifications:
-
Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (90%):
- Nodular sclerosis is the most common subtype.
- Mixed cellularity has a moderate prognosis.
- Lymphocyte-depleted subtype has the worst prognosis.
- Lymphocyte-rich subtype shows the best prognosis.
- Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant HL (NLPHL) comprises 10% of cases.
-
Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (90%):
-
Signs and Symptoms:
- Painless lymphadenopathy predominantly affecting cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.
- May present as a mediastinal mass, causing chest pain, cough, or shortness of breath.
- Associated symptoms include fatigue and weakness.
-
B Symptoms:
- Fever, significant weight loss, and night sweats are common.
- Rare features include Pel-Ebstein fever (fluctuating fever lasting for weeks) and pain in lymph nodes after alcohol consumption.
- Pruritus (itching) may also occur.
-
Diagnosis:
- Complete Blood Count: May reveal elevated/decreased white blood cells (WBCs), anemia, and eosinophilia (about 20%).
-
Histology: Identification of Reed-Sternberg cells through lymph node excision; fine needle biopsy often insufficient.
- Reed-Sternberg cells are large, with binuclear, bilobed nuclei; they test positive for CD15/CD30.
-
Imaging:
- X-Rays show masses and enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
- Bone scintigraphy or PET-CT is used to assess bone infiltration and disease progression.
- Differentials: Must be considered to differentiate from other lymphomas.
- Treatment: Primarily utilizes a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, specifically the ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
- Prognosis: Generally favorable, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 80-90%, exceeding 90% in children.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Definition: Cancer arising from all lymphocytes except Reed-Sternberg cells.
-
Aetiology:
- Commonly associated with chromosomal translocation t(14;18).
- Infections, particularly EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and H. pylori, contribute to risk.
- Linked to autoimmune disorders such as SLE, RA, and Sjögren's syndrome.
- Environmental exposures, including benzene and radiation, are also implicated.
-
Classifications:
- T-Cell Lymphoma constitutes about 15% of cases.
- B-Cell Lymphoma accounts for approximately 85%.
- NK-Killer Lymphoma is a less common category.
-
Signs and Symptoms:
- Typically presents as painless lymphadenopathy, which is non-contagious.
- Growth rates can vary: high-grade (fast growth) or low-grade (slow growth), often affecting cervical, axillary, or inguinal regions.
- B Symptoms: Similar to Hodgkin’s lymphoma, include fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Represents 40% of lymphoma cases, known for a better prognosis.
- Originates from B lymphocytes, notably characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells).
- Aetiology includes:
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 45% of cases.
- Immunodeficiencies due to organ transplants, HIV, immunosuppressive therapy, or chemotherapy.
- Autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
- Classifications comprise:
- Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (90%), which includes:
- Nodular sclerosis (most prevalent subtype).
- Mixed cellularity.
- Lymphocyte depleted (associated with a worse prognosis).
- Lymphocyte-rich (associated with a better prognosis).
- Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL) (10%).
- Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (90%), which includes:
- Signs and symptoms feature:
- Painless lymphadenopathy commonly in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.
- Mediastinal mass leading to chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath.
- Accompanied by fatigue and weakness.
- B symptoms include fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
- Rarely, Pel-Ebstein fever causing fluctuating fever over weeks.
- Uncommon alcohol-induced lymph node pain and pruritus.
- Diagnostic approaches include:
- Complete Blood Count indicating elevated/decreased WBC, anemia, and 20% eosinophilia.
- Histology requiring lymph node excision to identify RS cells, characterized by large, binuclear, bilobed nuclei and positivity for CD15/CD30.
- Imaging via X-ray for detecting masses and enlarged lymph nodes, with bone scintigraphy or PET-CT assessing bone infiltration.
- Treatment utilizes a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, specifically ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine).
- Prognosis is favorable, with a 5-year survival rate around 80-90%, exceeding 90% in children.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Comprises 60% of lymphoma cases, generally associated with worse prognosis.
- Arises from various lymphocytes excluding Reed-Sternberg cells.
- Aetiological factors include:
- Most common chromosomal translocation t(14;18).
- Infections linked to EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, and Helicobacter pylori.
- Autoimmune diseases such as SLE, RA, Sjögren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
- Immunodeficiencies and environmental exposures like benzene and radiation.
- Classifications feature:
- T-Cell Lymphoma (15%).
- B-Cell Lymphoma (85%).
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Definition: Cancer originating from lymphocytes, particularly Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells), a variant of B lymphocytes.
-
Aetiology:
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) involved in approximately 45% of cases.
- Risk factors include immunodeficiencies (e.g., organ transplant patients, HIV, chemotherapy) and autoimmune diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, celiac disease).
-
Classifications:
- Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (90% of cases):
- Nodular sclerosis is the most prevalent subtype.
- Other subtypes: mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted (associated with a worse prognosis), lymphocyte-rich (associated with a better prognosis).
- Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL) accounts for 10% of cases.
- Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (90% of cases):
-
Signs and Symptoms:
- Painless lymphadenopathy is common, notably in cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas.
- Malignant lymphadenopathy can cause mediastinal masses leading to chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath.
- B symptoms include fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
- Pel-Ebstein fever is a rare cyclical fever pattern lasting weeks.
- Alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes is very rare but notable.
- Pruritus (itching) may occur.
-
Diagnosis:
- Complete Blood Count may reveal elevated or decreased WBCs, anemia, and eosinophilia (20% occurrence).
- Histological analysis identifies Reed-Sternberg cells; a lymph node excision is needed for sufficient biopsy material.
- Imaging techniques include X-Ray for detecting masses and enlarged lymph nodes, and PET-CT or bone scintigraphy to assess bone involvement.
- Differentials: Not specified but typically includes other lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders.
- Treatment: Chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy, commonly utilizing ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
- Prognosis: Strong prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 80-90%; >90% for children.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Definition: Cancer arising from lymphocytes other than Reed-Sternberg cells.
-
Aetiology:
- Most common chromosomal translocation is t(14;18).
- Associated infections include EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, and Helicobacter pylori.
- Risk factors encompass autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and environmental agents like benzene and radiation.
-
Classifications:
- T-Cell Lymphoma (15%).
- B-Cell Lymphoma (85%).
- NK-Killer Lymphoma as another subtype.
-
Signs and Symptoms:
- Painless lymphadenopathy, which is not contagious, may be high grade (fast-growing) or low grade (slow-growing), primarily in cervical, axillary, or inguinal regions.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Originates from lymphocytes, characterized by multinucleated Reed-Sternberg (RSC) cells, a type of B lymphocyte.
- Aetiological factors include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in approximately 45% of cases, immunodeficiencies (e.g., due to organ transplants or HIV), and autoimmune diseases like SLE and RA.
- Classified into two main types:
- Classical (90%): Includes nodular sclerosis (most prevalent), mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted (worst prognosis), and lymphocyte-rich (best prognosis).
- Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant HL (NLPHL) (10%).
- Common signs include painless lymphadenopathy in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions, with potential malignant spread.
- Additional symptoms:
- Mediastinal mass causing chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath.
- B symptoms: fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
- Pruritus and rare occurrences of alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes.
- Diagnosis involves complete blood count, histology (RSC detection via lymph node excision), and imaging (X-ray, bone scintigraphy, PET-CT).
- Treatment often involves a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy using ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
- Good prognosis with a 5-year survival rate around 80-90%, exceeding 90% in children.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Different from Hodgkin's, arising from lymphocytes excluding Reed-Sternberg cells.
- Common aetiological factors include chromosomal translocation t(14;18), infections such as EBV, HIV, and environmental factors like benzene exposure.
- Categorized into T-cell lymphoma (15%) and B-cell lymphoma (85%), along with NK-killer lymphomas.
- Symptoms typically include painless and non-contagious lymphadenopathy, which can be categorized as high grade (fast-growing) or low grade (slow-growing) in cervical, axillary, or inguinal areas.
- B symptoms also present: fever, weight loss, night sweats, along with possible hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenia (reduced cell counts).
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Originates from lymphocytes; characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, a type of B lymphocyte.
- Potential causes include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (45%), immunodeficiencies (organ transplant, HIV, immunosuppressive treatments), and autoimmune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, celiac disease).
Classifications
-
Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (90% prevalence):
- Most common subtype: Nodular sclerosis.
- Other subtypes: Mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted (worst prognosis), lymphocyte-rich (best prognosis).
- Rare subtype: Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NLPHL) (10% prevalence).
Signs and Symptoms
- Painless lymphadenopathy typically in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions. Malignant spread possible.
- May present with mediastinal mass leading to chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath, also causing fatigue and weakness.
- B symptoms: Fever, weight loss, night sweats.
- Rare symptoms include Pel-Ebstein fever (fluctuating fever episodes lasting weeks) and alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes following alcohol consumption.
- Pruritus may also occur.
Diagnosis
- Complete Blood Count (CBC): May show elevated/decreased white blood cells, anemia, and 20% eosinophilia.
- Histological findings: Identification of Reed-Sternberg cells which require lymph node excision; fine needle biopsy may be inadequate. RS cells typically are large with bilobed nuclei and are CD15/CD30-positive on immunohistology.
-
Imaging techniques:
- X-ray can reveal masses and enlarged lymph nodes in various regions.
- Bone scintigraphy or PET-CT used for detecting bone infiltration and staging progression of the disease.
Treatment
- Common treatment regimen involves chemotherapy and radiotherapy, specifically the ABVD protocol (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
- Generally favorable prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 80-90%, exceeding 90% in pediatric cases.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Involves cancers from all other types of lymphocytes excluding Reed-Sternberg cells.
Aetiology
- Frequently associated with chromosomal translocation t(14;18).
- Linked to infections (EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, Helicobacter pylori), autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and environmental factors (like benzene and radiation exposure).
Classifications
- Distinctly categorized into T-Cell Lymphoma (15% of cases) and B-Cell Lymphoma (85%).
- Includes NK-Killer Lymphoma as another subtype.
Signs and Symptoms
- Presents as painless lymphadenopathy, which can either be high grade (fast-growing) or low grade (slow-growing) occurring in cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes.
- Typical B symptoms include fever, weight loss, night sweats, along with hepatosplenomegaly and possible cytopenia, characterized by decreased cell counts.
Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Characterized by better prognosis compared to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Cancer develops from lymphocytes, specifically multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells (RSC), a variant of B lymphocytes.
- Aetiology includes:
- Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 45% of cases.
- Immunodeficiencies linked to organ transplants, HIV, immunosuppressants, and chemotherapy.
- Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
- Classifications are divided into:
- Classical (90% of cases), which includes:
- Nodular sclerosis (most prevalent).
- Mixed cellularity.
- Lymphocyte depleted (associated with poorer prognosis).
- Lymphocyte-rich (better prognosis).
- Rare subtypes (10% of cases) like Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant HL (NLPHL) that allow for easier tailored treatment.
- Classical (90% of cases), which includes:
- Key signs and symptoms:
- Painless lymphadenopathy primarily in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions, indicative of malignant spread.
- Possible mediastinal mass leading to chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath.
- Causes of fatigue and weakness.
- Development of B symptoms: fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
- Rare symptoms include Pel-Ebstein fever (fluctuating fever over weeks) and alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes after drinking.
- Pruritus (itchiness) may occur.
- Diagnosis typically involves:
- Complete blood count revealing elevated or decreased white blood cell count, anemia, or eosinophilia (up to 20%).
- Histological examination for RSC, requiring lymph node excision for adequate sample size since fine needle biopsy is insufficient. RSC appear large, bilobed, and are CD15/CD30-positive.
- Imaging techniques like X-rays to identify masses and enlarged lymph nodes, with bone scintigraphy or PET-CT to assess bone infiltration and disease progression.
- Treatment commonly includes a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, specifically the ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
- Prognosis is generally good with a 5-year survival rate around 80-90%, exceeding 90% in pediatric cases.
Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma
- Exhibits worse prognosis compared to Hodgkin's lymphoma.
- Cancer arises from various forms of lymphocytes excluding Reed-Sternberg cells.
- Aetiology factors include:
- Chromosomal translocation t(14;18), most frequently associated with the disease.
- Viral infections like EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, and Helicobacter pylori.
- Autoimmune diseases including SLE, RA, Sjogren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
- Immunodeficiencies and environmental risk factors, including benzene exposure and radiation.
- Classifications encompass:
- T-cell lymphoma (15%).
- B-cell lymphoma (85%).
- NK-Killer lymphoma (natural killer cell lymphoma).
- Symptoms include:
- Pain, potentially reflecting tumor growth or lymphadenopathy in affected regions.
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Description
Explore Hodgkin's Lymphoma, a cancer that originates from lymphocytes, specifically focusing on Reed-Sternberg cells. This quiz covers its definition, aetiology, and classifications to enhance your understanding of this disease.
