Hodgkin's Lymphoma Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is a specific characteristic of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

  • Presence of chromosomal translocations
  • Presence of multiple myeloma cells
  • Presence of benign lymphoid aggregates
  • Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells (correct)
  • Which factor is NOT commonly associated with the aetiology of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

  • Pel-Ebstein fever (correct)
  • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
  • Celiac disease
  • Benzene exposure
  • What is the primary treatment approach for Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

  • Watchful waiting
  • Combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (correct)
  • Surgical removal of lymph nodes
  • Monoclonal antibody therapy
  • Which classification represents the most common type of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Nodular sclerosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are B symptoms in lymphoma characterized by?

    <p>Fever, weight loss, night sweats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What diagnostic method is essential for confirming Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Lymph node excision biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma accounts for the majority of cases?

    <p>B-Cell Lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prognosis for children diagnosed with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Over 90% survival rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What commonly characterizes Hodgkin's Lymphoma in terms of prognosis and associated cells?

    <p>Better prognosis with Reed-Sternberg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following factors is most commonly linked to the aetiology of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Chromosomal translocation t(14;18)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification of Hodgkin's Lymphoma has the worst prognosis?

    <p>Lymphocyte depleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a unique symptom associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma, specifically related to alcohol consumption?

    <p>Pruritus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rare, specific symptom of Hodgkin's Lymphoma characterized by fever patterns?

    <p>Pel-Ebstein fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is primarily required to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Histological examination for Reed-Sternberg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary treatment approach for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Curative chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphoma accounts for approximately 85% of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases?

    <p>B-Cell Lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases are classified as Classical?

    <p>90%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viral infection is most commonly associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diagnostic method is crucial for identifying Reed-Sternberg cells in Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Lymph node excision biopsy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable symptom that can occur after alcohol consumption in patients with Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Pain in lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary chromosome translocation associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>t(14;18)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical survival rate for patients with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>60-70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic feature of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma lymphadenopathy?

    <p>Painless and non-contagious</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor is commonly linked to the development of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Benzene exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing characteristic of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma in terms of lymphadenopathy?

    <p>Painless lymphadenopathy is non-contagious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which autoimmunity condition is linked to both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Rheumatoid Arthritis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common aetiological factor for Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Chromosomal translocation t(14;18)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following B symptoms is associated with both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which classification type has the poorest prognosis among Hodgkin's Lymphoma subtypes?

    <p>Lymphocyte depleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a rare symptom specifically linked to Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Fluctuating fevers (Pel-Ebstein fever)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which imaging method is crucial for assessing the stage of progression in Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>PET-CT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, what clinical manifestation indicates a higher grade of disease?

    <p>Painless lymphadenopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common viral infection linked to the aetiology of both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of Hodgkin's Lymphoma has the best prognosis?

    <p>Lymphocyte-rich</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hematological finding is specifically indicated in the diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Reed-Sternberg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which environmental factor is commonly associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Benzene exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which part of the body does the painful lymphadenopathy resulting from Hodgkin's Lymphoma typically occur?

    <p>Cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphoma accounts for approximately 15% of Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma cases?

    <p>T-Cell Lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific symptom of Hodgkin's Lymphoma is rarely experienced after the ingestion of alcohol?

    <p>Pain in lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is primarily used for both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Chemotherapy and radiotherapy combination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary chromosomal translocation associated with Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>t(14;18)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is NOT associated with the aetiology of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Radiation exposure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which subtype of Hodgkin's Lymphoma has the worst prognosis?

    <p>Lymphocyte depleted</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which B symptom is commonly associated with both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Night sweats</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific finding is needed to confirm a diagnosis of Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Presence of Reed-Sternberg cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma, what is a sign that may indicate a higher grade of disease?

    <p>High-grade fever</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is primarily used for both Hodgkin's and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma?

    <p>Chemotherapy combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unique symptom associated with Hodgkin's Lymphoma can occur after alcohol ingestion?

    <p>Pain in lymph nodes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Definition: Cancer derived from lymphocytes, notably featuring multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells, a form of B lymphocyte.
    • Aetiology:
      • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) accounts for approximately 45% of cases.
      • Associated with immunodeficiencies (e.g., organ transplant, HIV, immunosuppressants).
      • Linked to autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
    • Classifications:
      • Classical Hodgkin’s Lymphoma (90%):
        • Nodular sclerosis is the most common subtype.
        • Mixed cellularity has a moderate prognosis.
        • Lymphocyte-depleted subtype has the worst prognosis.
        • Lymphocyte-rich subtype shows the best prognosis.
      • Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant HL (NLPHL) comprises 10% of cases.
    • Signs and Symptoms:
      • Painless lymphadenopathy predominantly affecting cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.
      • May present as a mediastinal mass, causing chest pain, cough, or shortness of breath.
      • Associated symptoms include fatigue and weakness.
      • B Symptoms:
        • Fever, significant weight loss, and night sweats are common.
        • Rare features include Pel-Ebstein fever (fluctuating fever lasting for weeks) and pain in lymph nodes after alcohol consumption.
        • Pruritus (itching) may also occur.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Complete Blood Count: May reveal elevated/decreased white blood cells (WBCs), anemia, and eosinophilia (about 20%).
      • Histology: Identification of Reed-Sternberg cells through lymph node excision; fine needle biopsy often insufficient.
        • Reed-Sternberg cells are large, with binuclear, bilobed nuclei; they test positive for CD15/CD30.
      • Imaging:
        • X-Rays show masses and enlarged lymph nodes in the chest, abdomen, and pelvis.
        • Bone scintigraphy or PET-CT is used to assess bone infiltration and disease progression.
    • Differentials: Must be considered to differentiate from other lymphomas.
    • Treatment: Primarily utilizes a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, specifically the ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
    • Prognosis: Generally favorable, with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 80-90%, exceeding 90% in children.

    Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Definition: Cancer arising from all lymphocytes except Reed-Sternberg cells.
    • Aetiology:
      • Commonly associated with chromosomal translocation t(14;18).
      • Infections, particularly EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, hepatitis C virus (HCV), and H. pylori, contribute to risk.
      • Linked to autoimmune disorders such as SLE, RA, and Sjögren's syndrome.
      • Environmental exposures, including benzene and radiation, are also implicated.
    • Classifications:
      • T-Cell Lymphoma constitutes about 15% of cases.
      • B-Cell Lymphoma accounts for approximately 85%.
      • NK-Killer Lymphoma is a less common category.
    • Signs and Symptoms:
      • Typically presents as painless lymphadenopathy, which is non-contagious.
      • Growth rates can vary: high-grade (fast growth) or low-grade (slow growth), often affecting cervical, axillary, or inguinal regions.
      • B Symptoms: Similar to Hodgkin’s lymphoma, include fever, weight loss, and night sweats.

    Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Represents 40% of lymphoma cases, known for a better prognosis.
    • Originates from B lymphocytes, notably characterized by Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells).
    • Aetiology includes:
      • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 45% of cases.
      • Immunodeficiencies due to organ transplants, HIV, immunosuppressive therapy, or chemotherapy.
      • Autoimmune diseases such as Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE), Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), Sjögren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
    • Classifications comprise:
      • Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (90%), which includes:
        • Nodular sclerosis (most prevalent subtype).
        • Mixed cellularity.
        • Lymphocyte depleted (associated with a worse prognosis).
        • Lymphocyte-rich (associated with a better prognosis).
      • Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL) (10%).
    • Signs and symptoms feature:
      • Painless lymphadenopathy commonly in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions.
      • Mediastinal mass leading to chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath.
      • Accompanied by fatigue and weakness.
      • B symptoms include fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
      • Rarely, Pel-Ebstein fever causing fluctuating fever over weeks.
      • Uncommon alcohol-induced lymph node pain and pruritus.
    • Diagnostic approaches include:
      • Complete Blood Count indicating elevated/decreased WBC, anemia, and 20% eosinophilia.
      • Histology requiring lymph node excision to identify RS cells, characterized by large, binuclear, bilobed nuclei and positivity for CD15/CD30.
      • Imaging via X-ray for detecting masses and enlarged lymph nodes, with bone scintigraphy or PET-CT assessing bone infiltration.
    • Treatment utilizes a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, specifically ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, and dacarbazine).
    • Prognosis is favorable, with a 5-year survival rate around 80-90%, exceeding 90% in children.

    Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Comprises 60% of lymphoma cases, generally associated with worse prognosis.
    • Arises from various lymphocytes excluding Reed-Sternberg cells.
    • Aetiological factors include:
      • Most common chromosomal translocation t(14;18).
      • Infections linked to EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, and Helicobacter pylori.
      • Autoimmune diseases such as SLE, RA, Sjögren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
      • Immunodeficiencies and environmental exposures like benzene and radiation.
    • Classifications feature:
      • T-Cell Lymphoma (15%).
      • B-Cell Lymphoma (85%).

    Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Definition: Cancer originating from lymphocytes, particularly Reed-Sternberg cells (RS cells), a variant of B lymphocytes.
    • Aetiology:
      • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) involved in approximately 45% of cases.
      • Risk factors include immunodeficiencies (e.g., organ transplant patients, HIV, chemotherapy) and autoimmune diseases (lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, celiac disease).
    • Classifications:
      • Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (90% of cases):
        • Nodular sclerosis is the most prevalent subtype.
        • Other subtypes: mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted (associated with a worse prognosis), lymphocyte-rich (associated with a better prognosis).
      • Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin Lymphoma (NLPHL) accounts for 10% of cases.
    • Signs and Symptoms:
      • Painless lymphadenopathy is common, notably in cervical, axillary, and inguinal areas.
      • Malignant lymphadenopathy can cause mediastinal masses leading to chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath.
      • B symptoms include fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
      • Pel-Ebstein fever is a rare cyclical fever pattern lasting weeks.
      • Alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes is very rare but notable.
      • Pruritus (itching) may occur.
    • Diagnosis:
      • Complete Blood Count may reveal elevated or decreased WBCs, anemia, and eosinophilia (20% occurrence).
      • Histological analysis identifies Reed-Sternberg cells; a lymph node excision is needed for sufficient biopsy material.
      • Imaging techniques include X-Ray for detecting masses and enlarged lymph nodes, and PET-CT or bone scintigraphy to assess bone involvement.
    • Differentials: Not specified but typically includes other lymphomas and lymphoproliferative disorders.
    • Treatment: Chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy, commonly utilizing ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
    • Prognosis: Strong prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 80-90%; >90% for children.

    Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Definition: Cancer arising from lymphocytes other than Reed-Sternberg cells.
    • Aetiology:
      • Most common chromosomal translocation is t(14;18).
      • Associated infections include EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, and Helicobacter pylori.
      • Risk factors encompass autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and environmental agents like benzene and radiation.
    • Classifications:
      • T-Cell Lymphoma (15%).
      • B-Cell Lymphoma (85%).
      • NK-Killer Lymphoma as another subtype.
    • Signs and Symptoms:
      • Painless lymphadenopathy, which is not contagious, may be high grade (fast-growing) or low grade (slow-growing), primarily in cervical, axillary, or inguinal regions.

    Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Originates from lymphocytes, characterized by multinucleated Reed-Sternberg (RSC) cells, a type of B lymphocyte.
    • Aetiological factors include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in approximately 45% of cases, immunodeficiencies (e.g., due to organ transplants or HIV), and autoimmune diseases like SLE and RA.
    • Classified into two main types:
      • Classical (90%): Includes nodular sclerosis (most prevalent), mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted (worst prognosis), and lymphocyte-rich (best prognosis).
      • Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant HL (NLPHL) (10%).
    • Common signs include painless lymphadenopathy in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions, with potential malignant spread.
    • Additional symptoms:
      • Mediastinal mass causing chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath.
      • B symptoms: fever, night sweats, and weight loss.
      • Pruritus and rare occurrences of alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes.
    • Diagnosis involves complete blood count, histology (RSC detection via lymph node excision), and imaging (X-ray, bone scintigraphy, PET-CT).
    • Treatment often involves a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy using ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
    • Good prognosis with a 5-year survival rate around 80-90%, exceeding 90% in children.

    Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Different from Hodgkin's, arising from lymphocytes excluding Reed-Sternberg cells.
    • Common aetiological factors include chromosomal translocation t(14;18), infections such as EBV, HIV, and environmental factors like benzene exposure.
    • Categorized into T-cell lymphoma (15%) and B-cell lymphoma (85%), along with NK-killer lymphomas.
    • Symptoms typically include painless and non-contagious lymphadenopathy, which can be categorized as high grade (fast-growing) or low grade (slow-growing) in cervical, axillary, or inguinal areas.
    • B symptoms also present: fever, weight loss, night sweats, along with possible hepatosplenomegaly and cytopenia (reduced cell counts).

    Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Originates from lymphocytes; characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg (RS) cells, a type of B lymphocyte.
    • Potential causes include Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection (45%), immunodeficiencies (organ transplant, HIV, immunosuppressive treatments), and autoimmune diseases (such as systemic lupus erythematosus, rheumatoid arthritis, Sjogren's syndrome, celiac disease).

    Classifications

    • Classical Hodgkin's Lymphoma (90% prevalence):
      • Most common subtype: Nodular sclerosis.
      • Other subtypes: Mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depleted (worst prognosis), lymphocyte-rich (best prognosis).
    • Rare subtype: Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant Hodgkin's Lymphoma (NLPHL) (10% prevalence).

    Signs and Symptoms

    • Painless lymphadenopathy typically in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions. Malignant spread possible.
    • May present with mediastinal mass leading to chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath, also causing fatigue and weakness.
    • B symptoms: Fever, weight loss, night sweats.
    • Rare symptoms include Pel-Ebstein fever (fluctuating fever episodes lasting weeks) and alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes following alcohol consumption.
    • Pruritus may also occur.

    Diagnosis

    • Complete Blood Count (CBC): May show elevated/decreased white blood cells, anemia, and 20% eosinophilia.
    • Histological findings: Identification of Reed-Sternberg cells which require lymph node excision; fine needle biopsy may be inadequate. RS cells typically are large with bilobed nuclei and are CD15/CD30-positive on immunohistology.
    • Imaging techniques:
      • X-ray can reveal masses and enlarged lymph nodes in various regions.
      • Bone scintigraphy or PET-CT used for detecting bone infiltration and staging progression of the disease.

    Treatment

    • Common treatment regimen involves chemotherapy and radiotherapy, specifically the ABVD protocol (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
    • Generally favorable prognosis with a 5-year survival rate of approximately 80-90%, exceeding 90% in pediatric cases.

    Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Involves cancers from all other types of lymphocytes excluding Reed-Sternberg cells.

    Aetiology

    • Frequently associated with chromosomal translocation t(14;18).
    • Linked to infections (EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, Helicobacter pylori), autoimmune diseases, immunodeficiencies, and environmental factors (like benzene and radiation exposure).

    Classifications

    • Distinctly categorized into T-Cell Lymphoma (15% of cases) and B-Cell Lymphoma (85%).
    • Includes NK-Killer Lymphoma as another subtype.

    Signs and Symptoms

    • Presents as painless lymphadenopathy, which can either be high grade (fast-growing) or low grade (slow-growing) occurring in cervical, axillary, or inguinal lymph nodes.
    • Typical B symptoms include fever, weight loss, night sweats, along with hepatosplenomegaly and possible cytopenia, characterized by decreased cell counts.

    Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Characterized by better prognosis compared to non-Hodgkin's lymphoma.
    • Cancer develops from lymphocytes, specifically multinucleated Reed-Sternberg cells (RSC), a variant of B lymphocytes.
    • Aetiology includes:
      • Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in 45% of cases.
      • Immunodeficiencies linked to organ transplants, HIV, immunosuppressants, and chemotherapy.
      • Autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
    • Classifications are divided into:
      • Classical (90% of cases), which includes:
        • Nodular sclerosis (most prevalent).
        • Mixed cellularity.
        • Lymphocyte depleted (associated with poorer prognosis).
        • Lymphocyte-rich (better prognosis).
      • Rare subtypes (10% of cases) like Nodular Lymphocyte Predominant HL (NLPHL) that allow for easier tailored treatment.
    • Key signs and symptoms:
      • Painless lymphadenopathy primarily in cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions, indicative of malignant spread.
      • Possible mediastinal mass leading to chest pain, cough, and shortness of breath.
      • Causes of fatigue and weakness.
      • Development of B symptoms: fever, weight loss, and night sweats.
      • Rare symptoms include Pel-Ebstein fever (fluctuating fever over weeks) and alcohol-induced pain in lymph nodes after drinking.
      • Pruritus (itchiness) may occur.
    • Diagnosis typically involves:
      • Complete blood count revealing elevated or decreased white blood cell count, anemia, or eosinophilia (up to 20%).
      • Histological examination for RSC, requiring lymph node excision for adequate sample size since fine needle biopsy is insufficient. RSC appear large, bilobed, and are CD15/CD30-positive.
      • Imaging techniques like X-rays to identify masses and enlarged lymph nodes, with bone scintigraphy or PET-CT to assess bone infiltration and disease progression.
    • Treatment commonly includes a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy, specifically the ABVD regimen (Adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine).
    • Prognosis is generally good with a 5-year survival rate around 80-90%, exceeding 90% in pediatric cases.

    Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma

    • Exhibits worse prognosis compared to Hodgkin's lymphoma.
    • Cancer arises from various forms of lymphocytes excluding Reed-Sternberg cells.
    • Aetiology factors include:
      • Chromosomal translocation t(14;18), most frequently associated with the disease.
      • Viral infections like EBV, HIV, HTLV-1, HCV, and Helicobacter pylori.
      • Autoimmune diseases including SLE, RA, Sjogren's syndrome, and celiac disease.
      • Immunodeficiencies and environmental risk factors, including benzene exposure and radiation.
    • Classifications encompass:
      • T-cell lymphoma (15%).
      • B-cell lymphoma (85%).
      • NK-Killer lymphoma (natural killer cell lymphoma).
    • Symptoms include:
      • Pain, potentially reflecting tumor growth or lymphadenopathy in affected regions.

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    Explore Hodgkin's Lymphoma, a cancer that originates from lymphocytes, specifically focusing on Reed-Sternberg cells. This quiz covers its definition, aetiology, and classifications to enhance your understanding of this disease.

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