Podcast
Questions and Answers
HIV primarily targets which type of cells in the human body?
HIV primarily targets which type of cells in the human body?
- Red blood cells
- Platelets
- CD4+ T cells (correct)
- B cells
Which of the following is NOT a common mode of HIV transmission?
Which of the following is NOT a common mode of HIV transmission?
- Unprotected sex
- Hugging (correct)
- Sharing needles
- Perinatal transmission
What is the normal range for CD4+ T cell count in a healthy individual?
What is the normal range for CD4+ T cell count in a healthy individual?
- 800 to 1200 cells/μL (correct)
- 1200 to 1600 cells/μL
- 400 to 600 cells/μL
- 200 to 400 cells/μL
Which diagnostic test is used to confirm a positive initial HIV screening test?
Which diagnostic test is used to confirm a positive initial HIV screening test?
What is the main goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV treatment?
What is the main goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in HIV treatment?
Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic infection commonly seen in individuals with AIDS?
Which of the following is an example of an opportunistic infection commonly seen in individuals with AIDS?
What is the purpose of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?
What is the purpose of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP)?
Which nursing intervention is most important for promoting adherence to ART in patients with HIV?
Which nursing intervention is most important for promoting adherence to ART in patients with HIV?
What is the significance of viral load testing in HIV management?
What is the significance of viral load testing in HIV management?
Which of the following is a psychosocial consideration for patients living with HIV?
Which of the following is a psychosocial consideration for patients living with HIV?
After potential exposure to HIV, what does post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involve?
After potential exposure to HIV, what does post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involve?
Which opportunistic infection is characterized by lesions on the skin and is commonly associated with AIDS?
Which opportunistic infection is characterized by lesions on the skin and is commonly associated with AIDS?
What is the primary mechanism by which HIV weakens the immune system?
What is the primary mechanism by which HIV weakens the immune system?
Why might older adults with HIV be diagnosed later in the course of the disease?
Why might older adults with HIV be diagnosed later in the course of the disease?
Which of the following ART drug classes prevents HIV from converting its RNA into DNA?
Which of the following ART drug classes prevents HIV from converting its RNA into DNA?
Which of the following recommendations should be included in the education of a client with HIV regarding prevention of transmission?
Which of the following recommendations should be included in the education of a client with HIV regarding prevention of transmission?
Which ART drug class works by blocking the HIV enzyme that cuts long chains of viral proteins into smaller proteins that are needed to assemble new virus particles?
Which ART drug class works by blocking the HIV enzyme that cuts long chains of viral proteins into smaller proteins that are needed to assemble new virus particles?
Which of the following findings would suggest that HIV treatment is effective?
Which of the following findings would suggest that HIV treatment is effective?
A nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client with HIV. What statement made by the client indicates a need for FURTHER teaching?
A nurse is providing discharge instructions to a client with HIV. What statement made by the client indicates a need for FURTHER teaching?
A patient with HIV is diagnosed with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Which medication is MOST likely to be prescribed?
A patient with HIV is diagnosed with Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP). Which medication is MOST likely to be prescribed?
Which of the following statements about HIV transmission is MOST accurate?
Which of the following statements about HIV transmission is MOST accurate?
An older adult with HIV is experiencing increased fatigue and muscle weakness. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate for the nurse to implement?
An older adult with HIV is experiencing increased fatigue and muscle weakness. Which of the following interventions is MOST appropriate for the nurse to implement?
A patient newly diagnosed with HIV expresses feelings of shame and isolation. Which of the following nursing interventions is MOST important?
A patient newly diagnosed with HIV expresses feelings of shame and isolation. Which of the following nursing interventions is MOST important?
A research study is evaluating the effectiveness of a new antiretroviral drug. Which of the following outcome measures would provide the STRONGEST evidence of the drug's efficacy?
A research study is evaluating the effectiveness of a new antiretroviral drug. Which of the following outcome measures would provide the STRONGEST evidence of the drug's efficacy?
Which statement BEST describes the relationship between HIV and AIDS?
Which statement BEST describes the relationship between HIV and AIDS?
A pregnant woman with HIV is concerned about transmitting the virus to her baby. What is the MOST effective intervention to reduce the risk of perinatal transmission?
A pregnant woman with HIV is concerned about transmitting the virus to her baby. What is the MOST effective intervention to reduce the risk of perinatal transmission?
A patient with HIV has been taking ART consistently for several years, and their viral load has been undetectable for the past two years. What is the MOST accurate statement regarding their ability to transmit HIV to others?
A patient with HIV has been taking ART consistently for several years, and their viral load has been undetectable for the past two years. What is the MOST accurate statement regarding their ability to transmit HIV to others?
A public health nurse is developing an HIV prevention program for adolescents. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in reducing the spread of HIV in this population?
A public health nurse is developing an HIV prevention program for adolescents. Which of the following strategies would be MOST effective in reducing the spread of HIV in this population?
A patient with HIV is also diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB). Which of the following considerations is MOST critical when managing their treatment?
A patient with HIV is also diagnosed with tuberculosis (TB). Which of the following considerations is MOST critical when managing their treatment?
Which of the following laboratory results would be MOST concerning in a patient with HIV who is receiving ART?
Which of the following laboratory results would be MOST concerning in a patient with HIV who is receiving ART?
A nurse is caring for a patient with HIV who is experiencing significant diarrhea. Which of the following interventions would be MOST appropriate to manage this symptom?
A nurse is caring for a patient with HIV who is experiencing significant diarrhea. Which of the following interventions would be MOST appropriate to manage this symptom?
An individual who is HIV-negative is considering starting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Which of the following statements is MOST important for the nurse to emphasize during patient education?
An individual who is HIV-negative is considering starting pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Which of the following statements is MOST important for the nurse to emphasize during patient education?
A researcher aims to identify novel drug targets for HIV therapy. Which molecular process, if inhibited, would MOST effectively prevent the integration of HIV DNA into the host cell genome?
A researcher aims to identify novel drug targets for HIV therapy. Which molecular process, if inhibited, would MOST effectively prevent the integration of HIV DNA into the host cell genome?
Imagine a hypothetical scenario where a new strain of HIV emerges that demonstrates complete resistance to all currently available antiretroviral drugs. Which of the following strategies would be the MOST promising avenue for developing effective treatment against this novel strain?
Imagine a hypothetical scenario where a new strain of HIV emerges that demonstrates complete resistance to all currently available antiretroviral drugs. Which of the following strategies would be the MOST promising avenue for developing effective treatment against this novel strain?
A researcher discovers a new protein on the surface of HIV-infected cells that is not present on healthy cells. This protein plays a critical role in the virus's ability to fuse with and enter new target cells, but it is structurally very similar to a human protein involved in blood clotting. Developing a drug that targets this viral protein would be MOST challenging due to the:
A researcher discovers a new protein on the surface of HIV-infected cells that is not present on healthy cells. This protein plays a critical role in the virus's ability to fuse with and enter new target cells, but it is structurally very similar to a human protein involved in blood clotting. Developing a drug that targets this viral protein would be MOST challenging due to the:
Flashcards
What is HIV?
What is HIV?
A retrovirus causing immunosuppression, leading to opportunistic infections and malignancies.
What is AIDS?
What is AIDS?
The end-stage of HIV infection, characterized by a severely compromised immune system.
What are CD4+ T cells?
What are CD4+ T cells?
Helper T cells crucial for proper immune function.
What is reverse transcriptase?
What is reverse transcriptase?
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How is HIV transmitted?
How is HIV transmitted?
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What are the symptoms of acute HIV infection?
What are the symptoms of acute HIV infection?
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Examples of opportunistic infections.
Examples of opportunistic infections.
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What is Kaposi's sarcoma?
What is Kaposi's sarcoma?
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What does an antibody/antigen test for HIV do?
What does an antibody/antigen test for HIV do?
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What is viral load?
What is viral load?
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What is the goal of HIV treatment?
What is the goal of HIV treatment?
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What is ART?
What is ART?
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Classes of ART drugs.
Classes of ART drugs.
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What does HIV nursing care focus on?
What does HIV nursing care focus on?
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What is PrEP?
What is PrEP?
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What is PEP?
What is PEP?
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Study Notes
Etiology and Pathophysiology
- HIV targets CD4+ T cells, which are crucial for immune function.
- The virus binds to CD4+ receptors and enters the cell, using reverse transcriptase to convert its RNA into DNA.
- Viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA, leading to the production of new viral particles.
- HIV replicates and destroys CD4+ T cells, gradually weakening the immune system.
- A normal CD4+ T cell count is 800 to 1200 cells/μL, but in HIV infection, it decreases.
- HIV is transmitted through infected blood, semen, vaginal secretions, or breast milk.
- Common transmission modes include unprotected sex, sharing needles, and perinatal transmission.
- HIV is not spread through casual contact.
Clinical Manifestations
- Acute HIV infection may present with flu-like symptoms.
- Early chronic infection is often asymptomatic but can last for years.
- As the disease progresses, opportunistic infections and other complications arise.
- Common opportunistic infections include Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia (PCP), candidiasis, and cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection.
- Other manifestations include Kaposi's sarcoma and HIV-related encephalopathy.
Diagnostic Studies
- HIV infection is diagnosed through antibody/antigen tests.
- A confirmatory test, such as a Western blot or an HIV-1/HIV-2 antibody differentiation assay, is performed if the initial test is positive.
- CD4+ T cell counts and viral load are used to monitor disease progression and response to treatment.
- Other tests may screen for opportunistic infections and complications.
Collaborative Care
- The main goal of HIV treatment is to suppress viral replication, reduce viral load, and maintain CD4+ T cell counts.
- Antiretroviral therapy (ART) involves multiple drugs to target various stages of the HIV life cycle.
- Common ART drug classes include NRTIs, NNRTIs, PIs, and integrase inhibitors.
- ART is highly effective but must be taken consistently to prevent drug resistance.
- Patients may need prophylactic medications to prevent opportunistic infections and vaccinations.
Nursing Management
- Nursing care focuses on ART adherence, symptom management, preventing opportunistic infections, and emotional support.
- Assess the patient's knowledge about HIV, treatment, and prevention strategies.
- Educate patients about ART adherence and potential side effects.
- Teach patients how to prevent HIV spread through safe sex and avoiding needle sharing.
- Monitor for signs and symptoms of opportunistic infections and complications.
- Provide supportive care for symptoms like fatigue, pain, and nausea.
- Offer emotional support and counseling.
- Advocate for patients' rights and access to care.
Prevention
- Preventing HIV transmission involves avoiding risky behaviors.
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) involves antiretroviral medications for HIV-negative individuals.
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) involves ART medications after potential exposure.
- Educating individuals about HIV transmission and prevention is crucial.
- Regular HIV testing is recommended for high-risk individuals.
Psychosocial Considerations
- Living with HIV can cause stigma, discrimination, and social isolation.
- Patients may experience anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues.
- Nurses should provide a supportive environment.
- Encourage counseling and support from mental health professionals and support groups.
- Address issues related to disclosure, relationships, and sexuality.
Gerontologic Considerations
- The number of older adults living with HIV is increasing.
- Older adults may be diagnosed later, leading to delayed treatment and poorer outcomes.
- Age-related changes can make older adults more susceptible to opportunistic infections.
- Older adults may experience more side effects from ART medications.
- Nursing care should be tailored to the specific needs of older adults with HIV.
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Description
This lesson covers the etiology, pathophysiology, and clinical manifestations of HIV. It explains how HIV targets CD4+ T cells, replicates, and weakens the immune system. It also discusses transmission modes and the progression of the disease.
