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Questions and Answers
What is the primary receptor utilized by SARS-CoV for host entry?
What is the primary receptor utilized by SARS-CoV for host entry?
Which protease is NOT involved in the cleavage of the S protein after receptor binding?
Which protease is NOT involved in the cleavage of the S protein after receptor binding?
During which step does the viral genome get released into the host cell?
During which step does the viral genome get released into the host cell?
Where are the viral structural proteins translated and inserted into?
Where are the viral structural proteins translated and inserted into?
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What process directs the assembly of the virion in the ERGIC?
What process directs the assembly of the virion in the ERGIC?
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What does HIV primarily attack in the human body?
What does HIV primarily attack in the human body?
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Which statement accurately describes AIDS?
Which statement accurately describes AIDS?
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What characterizes the chronic HIV (clinical latency) phase?
What characterizes the chronic HIV (clinical latency) phase?
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What is a common symptom of AIDS related to opportunistic infections?
What is a common symptom of AIDS related to opportunistic infections?
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What is a key benefit of proper HIV treatment known as ART?
What is a key benefit of proper HIV treatment known as ART?
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Which test is used as a confirmatory test for HIV antibodies?
Which test is used as a confirmatory test for HIV antibodies?
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What role does reverse transcriptase play in HIV?
What role does reverse transcriptase play in HIV?
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How is HIV mainly transmitted between individuals?
How is HIV mainly transmitted between individuals?
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Why is adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) crucial?
Why is adherence to Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) crucial?
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Which of the following is a preventive measure against HIV?
Which of the following is a preventive measure against HIV?
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What occurs during the progression to AIDS if HIV is left untreated?
What occurs during the progression to AIDS if HIV is left untreated?
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What does the CD4 count indicate in HIV patients?
What does the CD4 count indicate in HIV patients?
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Which protein is essential for HIV's entry into target cells?
Which protein is essential for HIV's entry into target cells?
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What is the main purpose of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)?
What is the main purpose of post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP)?
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Which of the following statements about the structure of HIV is true?
Which of the following statements about the structure of HIV is true?
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Which symptom can be associated with neurological effects of HIV?
Which symptom can be associated with neurological effects of HIV?
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What is the primary receptor that HIV binds to on CD4+ T cells?
What is the primary receptor that HIV binds to on CD4+ T cells?
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Which enzyme is responsible for converting HIV's RNA into DNA inside the host cell?
Which enzyme is responsible for converting HIV's RNA into DNA inside the host cell?
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During the assembly of new HIV particles, what component does the virus take from the host cell?
During the assembly of new HIV particles, what component does the virus take from the host cell?
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What is the result of continuous activation of the immune system by HIV?
What is the result of continuous activation of the immune system by HIV?
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What stage of HIV infection is often mistaken for the flu, featuring symptoms like fever and swollen lymph nodes?
What stage of HIV infection is often mistaken for the flu, featuring symptoms like fever and swollen lymph nodes?
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What is the role of CD8+ T cells in response to HIV infection?
What is the role of CD8+ T cells in response to HIV infection?
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Which of the following correctly describes the fusion process of HIV with the T cell?
Which of the following correctly describes the fusion process of HIV with the T cell?
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Which immune cells are part of the innate immune response to HIV?
Which immune cells are part of the innate immune response to HIV?
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Study Notes
HIV/AIDS Overview
- HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a virus that attacks the body's immune system, specifically CD4+ T cells.
- AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is the final stage of HIV infection, characterized by severe immune system damage, vulnerability to infections, and certain cancers.
- Without treatment, HIV can progress to AIDS. However, with proper treatment (ART), individuals can live long, healthy lives.
- Globally, approximately 38 million people are affected by HIV, with many lacking access to treatment.
HIV Structure
- HIV is a virus that requires a host cell to reproduce.
- Key components of the HIV virus: -Gag: forms group specific protein antigens (p24 and p18) -Env: forms envelope proteins (gp120 and gp41) crucial for cell entry and interaction. -Enzymes: -Reverse transcriptase: converts viral RNA to DNA. -Protease: cuts proteins to allow for the proper functioning of viral proteins. -Integrase: inserts viral DNA into the host cell's DNA to allow for replication.
HIV Pathogenesis
- HIV spreads through bodily fluids (unprotected sex, sharing needles, mother-to-child transmission).
- HIV targets CD4+ T cells, crucial for immune function.
- Viral replication: HIV hijacks the host cell's machinery to create new viruses.
- Immune system breakdown: HIV gradually destroys CD4+ T cells, weakening the immune system, leading to opportunistic infections.
- Progression to AIDS: if untreated, the immune system becomes severely compromised, resulting in an increased vulnerability to infections and diseases.
HIV Entry into Cells
- HIV attaches to the CD4 receptor on the surface of CD4+ T cells.
- HIV binds to another receptor on the T cell (CCR5).
- HIV fuses with the T cell membrane, allowing viral RNA and enzymes to enter the cell for replication.
HIV Replication
- HIV replicates inside the host cell, converting RNA to DNA by reverse transcriptase.
- Viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA with help from the enzyme integrase.
- Host cell machinery produces new HIV RNA and proteins.
- New virus particles assemble and bud from the host cell, often killing the cell in the process, to infect other cells.
HIV Replication & Reverse Transcription
- HIV's RNA genetic material is copied into DNA via reverse transcriptase.
- Viral DNA integrates into the host cell's DNA, using the enzyme Integrase.
- Host cell machinery starts producing new HIV RNA and proteins.
- New virus particles assemble and exit the host cell.
Immune Response to HIV
- The body's innate immune system tries to detect and destroy HIV via dendritic cells and macrophages.
- The body activates CD8+ T cells to kill infected cells.
- However, HIV targets CD4+ T cells, impacting the overall immune response, particularly over time, leading to immune exhaustion.
Clinical Stages of HIV Infection
- Acute HIV infection: initial stage, flu-like symptoms, rapid viral replication.
- Chronic HIV (clinical latency): HIV is active, but at low levels; few symptoms for many years.
- AIDS: severe immune damage; opportunistic infections, cancers, and dementia are possible.
Symptoms of AIDS
- Opportunistic infections (e.g., Pneumocystis pneumonia, tuberculosis)
- Malignancies (e.g., certain cancers)
- Neurological effects (e.g., memory problems, confusion, HIV-associated dementia)
Diagnosis of HIV/AIDS
- ELISA testing: screens for HIV antibodies.
- Western blot: confirms HIV antibodies.
- Viral load test: measures HIV RNA levels to track disease and response to treatment.
- CD4 count: monitors the strength of the immune system by measuring the number of CD4 cells.
Antiretroviral Therapy (ART)
- ART involves a combination of medications that target different stages of the HIV life cycle, to block replication.
- ART helps lower the viral load and restore the immune system.
- Adherence to ART is vital; missing doses can lead to drug resistance.
Molecular Targets of ART
- Reverse transcriptase
- Integrase
- Protease
- Fusion inhibitors: block HIV entry, including Fuzeon, and enfuvirtide.
- CCR5 Antagonists: block CCR5 receptors on certain immune cells to restrict HIV entry.
HIV Transmission
- HIV transmission occurs through bodily fluids (blood, semen, vaginal fluids, breast milk).
Prevention of HIV
- Safe sex practices (condoms, dental dams).
- Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): daily medication for at-risk individuals to reduce the risk of infection.
- Post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): medication taken after potential exposure.
SARS-CoV-2 Infection
- SARS-CoV-2 is a virus that causes COVID-19.
- The virus enters cells via the ACE2 receptor.
- Proteolytic cleavage enables the virus to make its way into the cytosol.
- Viral genome will produce RNA and other proteins.
- Virus buds from the host cell with host membrane as its outer layer.
- Various approaches to combat infection with SARS-CoV-2 exist including monoclonal antibodies and antiviral drugs.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of HIV and AIDS, including how the virus attacks the immune system and the importance of treatment. Additionally, learn about the structure of the HIV virus and its key components crucial for its replication and interaction with host cells.
