MS CH 20 Nursing Care of Patients With HIV Disease and AIDS
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following conditions is NOT associated with HIV/AIDS?

  • Cervical cancer, invasive
  • Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated
  • Hepatitis B infection (correct)
  • Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lung

    • What is the primary cause of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)?

  • Fungal pathogens
  • Bacterial infection
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (correct)
  • Autoimmune disorders

    • What significant advancement in HIV treatment began in 1996?

  • The introduction of antibiotics
  • Gene therapy approaches
  • Vaccine development
  • Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (correct)

    • Which condition specifically involves loss of vision as a symptom?

    <p>CMV retinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key nursing care consideration when treating patients with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Employ all holistic care strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a condition that defines the progression of HIV to AIDS, according to the CDC?

    <p>CD4+ T-lymphocyte count below 200/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the perception of HIV disease changed with advancements in treatment?

    <p>It is now seen as a manageable chronic illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by intestinal symptoms lasting more than a month?

    <p>Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What has contributed to the increase in the number of people living with HIV/AIDS today?

    <p>Effective antiretroviral treatments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does knowledge about HIV/AIDS and its treatment impact patient care?

    <p>It enables nurses to provide nonjudgmental and competent care</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the best definition of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

    <p>A virus that compromises the immune system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is the primary method of transmitting HIV?

    <p>Unprotected sexual contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT typically used to diagnose HIV?

    <p>Complete blood count (CBC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the prognosis for HIV is most critical to understand?

    <p>HIV can often lead to AIDS without treatment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a teaching plan for prevention of HIV infection primarily focus on?

    <p>Promoting abstinence and safe sex practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prevention measure is essential for decreasing opportunistic diseases in patients with HIV?

    <p>Ensuring proper nutrition and hygiene</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antiretroviral therapy consideration is crucial for patients with HIV?

    <p>Taking medications at the same times daily</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical nursing care consideration when planning care for patients with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Balancing medication management with nutritional needs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT associated with disseminated or extrapulmonary infection in HIV patients?

    <p>Kaposi’s sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people living with HIV are linked to HIV care?

    <p>62%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lymphoid condition is primarily associated with the brain in HIV patients?

    <p>Primary brain lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is a recurrent infection linked to HIV?

    <p>Salmonella septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among people living with HIV, which percentage has a very low amount of virus?

    <p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic condition observed in individuals with HIV?

    <p>Chronic isosporiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is classified as wasting syndrome in the context of HIV-related conditions?

    <p>Unintentional weight loss and muscle wasting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these infections is associated with the Mycobacterium genus in disseminated forms related to HIV?

    <p>Mycobacterium tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by chronic ulcers lasting over one month?

    <p>Herpes simplex, chronic ulcers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions primarily affects the lungs but is classified under extrapulmonary infections?

    <p>Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is NOT directly related to HIV disease progression?

    <p>Cervical cancer, invasive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is incorrect?

    <p>CMV retinitis leads to complete vision restoration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a critical nursing care skill necessary when treating HIV-positive patients?

    <p>Providing spiritual support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes the relationship between HIV infection and AIDS?

    <p>Many HIV-infected people remain healthy without developing AIDS due to treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What CD4+ T-lymphocyte count indicates a progression of HIV to AIDS according to CDC criteria?

    <p>CD4+ count below 200/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When did the highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) begin, contributing significantly to the management of HIV/AIDS?

    <p>1996</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has notably changed the prognosis of individuals living with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Advancements in antiretroviral therapy improving immune function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the presence of a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count below a certain threshold signify in the context of HIV-related health?

    <p>An increased risk for opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of personal protective equipment (PPE) in the context of HIV care?

    <p>Prevent healthcare-associated infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor is most important when planning nursing care for a patient with HIV?

    <p>Patient's nutritional status</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opportunistic disease is notably associated with advanced HIV infection?

    <p>Tuberculosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method is most effective for diagnosing HIV in patients?

    <p>Antibody tests and viral load testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can significantly improve the prognosis for patients diagnosed with HIV?

    <p>Early diagnosis and treatment initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In developing a teaching plan for prevention of HIV infection, which aspect should be prioritized?

    <p>Promoting consistent use of barrier methods during sexual activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these facts is true about the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)?

    <p>It specifically targets and weakens the immune system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component in the management of patients receiving antiretroviral therapy for HIV?

    <p>Regularly monitoring viral load and adherence to medication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is associated with a chronic intestinal infection lasting more than one month in HIV patients?

    <p>Isosporiasis, chronic intestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people living with HIV are estimated to have a very low viral load?

    <p>28%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is characterized by infectious complications involving the lungs and is a common opportunistic infection in HIV patients?

    <p>Pneumonia, recurrent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HIV-related condition involves a type of brain infection that can lead to serious neurological complications?

    <p>Toxoplasmosis of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphoma is specifically characterized by aggressive behavior and is associated with HIV?

    <p>Burkitt lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary opportunistic infection that is caused by a fungus and is common in HIV-infected individuals?

    <p>Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which bacterial infection is characterized by recurrent severe manifestations in patients with weakened immune systems like those with HIV?

    <p>Salmonella septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among people living with HIV, which percentage is reported to be linked to HIV care?

    <p>62%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count below 200/mm3 indicate in relation to HIV infection?

    <p>The progression to AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment option was first introduced in 1987, significantly impacting HIV management?

    <p>First-generation antiretrovirals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor has contributed to the increased number of individuals living with HIV/AIDS today?

    <p>Advancements in ARV therapies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best reflects the current understanding of HIV's impact on lifespan?

    <p>With ARV therapy, HIV disease is a manageable chronic condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of total lymphocytes is indicative of potential progression to AIDS?

    <p>14%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition primarily affects the respiratory system and is a common complication in patients with advanced HIV infection?

    <p>Candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lung</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is specifically related to neurological complications in patients with HIV?

    <p>Encephalopathy, HIV related</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chronic condition, when related to HIV, is characterized by intestinal symptoms persisting for more than one month?

    <p>Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opportunistic infection is specifically linked to HIV and involves a risk of vision loss?

    <p>CMV retinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of condition is associated with progressive immunosuppression and may lead to the development of aggressive cervical cancer in HIV patients?

    <p>Cervical cancer, invasive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most critical aspect when developing a teaching plan for a patient with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapy?

    <p>Emphasize the importance of regular lab monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which prevention measure is most effective for decreasing the risk of opportunistic infections in patients with HIV?

    <p>Frequent handwashing and sanitation practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of HIV transmission, which of the following practices is NOT effective in preventing the spread of the virus?

    <p>Sharing needles among intravenous drug users</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor has the greatest impact on the prognosis for individuals living with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>The timing of antiretroviral therapy initiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect of HIV diagnostics is most critical for determining disease progression?

    <p>The CD4+ T-lymphocyte count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements best describes the relationship between HIV and AIDS?

    <p>Not all individuals with HIV will develop AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is commonly associated with advanced HIV infection and poses a high risk for opportunistic infections?

    <p>A low white blood cell count</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor to consider when planning nursing care for patients with HIV/AIDS?

    <p>The patient’s cultural beliefs and practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is particularly characterized by the involvement of the brain in patients with HIV?

    <p>Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common recurrent infectious complication linked to severe immunosuppression in HIV patients?

    <p>Salmonella septicemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which HIV-related condition is characterized by an extended duration, indicating significant intestinal involvement?

    <p>Chronic Isosporiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mycobacterial infection is associated with disseminated forms particularly in HIV patients?

    <p>Mycobacterium avium intracellulare complex</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In advanced HIV, which type of lymphoma is especially recognized for its aggressive nature?

    <p>Lymphoma, Burkitt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition represents a significant respiratory complication in patients living with HIV?

    <p>Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following does NOT typically correlate with low-level viral load in people living with HIV?

    <p>Advanced renal dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What syndrome in HIV patients is characterized by significant weight loss and ongoing involuntary weight loss?

    <p>Wasting syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What CD4+ T-lymphocyte count signifies the progression of HIV infection into AIDS as per the CDC criteria?

    <p>CD4+ count below 200/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately reflects the treatment landscape for HIV/AIDS as of recent guidelines?

    <p>HAART has made HIV a chronic, manageable condition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the historical significance of the introduction of the first antiretroviral (ARV) drug in 1987?

    <p>It was the first treatment option available for HIV infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How has the perception of AIDS changed in recent years?

    <p>AIDS is considered a chronic illness due to advancement in treatment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a CD4+ T-lymphocyte percentage under 14 of total lymphocytes indicate in HIV-infected patients?

    <p>It indicates a high risk of opportunistic infections.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by chronic intestinal symptoms lasting more than a month and is commonly associated with HIV?

    <p>Cryptosporidiosis, chronic intestinal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions can indicate an extrapulmonary infection in HIV patients?

    <p>Candidiasis, esophageal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurological condition is specifically associated with HIV infection and can lead to encephalopathy?

    <p>Cryptococcosis, extrapulmonary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition is specifically linked to the development of vision loss in patients with advanced HIV/AIDS?

    <p>Cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chronic infection is particularly concerning for HIV patients due to its potential for severe complications and is not primarily pulmonary?

    <p>Coccidioidomycosis, disseminated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a CD4+ T-lymphocyte count below a threshold signify in HIV disease progression?

    <p>Progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a key component of personal protective equipment (PPE) in HIV care?

    <p>Surgical masks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant advantage of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) in HIV management?

    <p>It helps maintain viral suppression over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is Pneumocystis pneumonia related to HIV?

    <p>It is a common HIV-related opportunistic infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal when developing a teaching plan for HIV prevention?

    <p>To encourage regular testing and safe practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What misconception might patients have regarding HIV prognosis?

    <p>Advanced technology has no effect on outcomes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is most commonly associated with long-term HIV infection?

    <p>Opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the nurse's main responsibilities when providing care for patients with HIV?

    <p>Educating on medication adherence and healthy lifestyle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opportunistic infection is characterized by pneumonia and is commonly associated with HIV?

    <p>Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of lymphoma is primarily characterized by aggressive behavior in HIV patients?

    <p>Burkitt lymphoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common cause of recurrent pneumonia in individuals with HIV?

    <p>Pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition represents disseminated or extrapulmonary Mycobacterium infection related to HIV?

    <p>Mycobacterium kansasii</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which condition is characterized by a chronic intestinal infection lasting more than one month and is associated with HIV?

    <p>Chronic isosporiasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus is associated with a very low amount of virus in individuals living with HIV?

    <p>Wasting syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people living with HIV is aware of their infection?

    <p>80%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which opportunistic disease is considered a serious complication of advanced HIV infection?

    <p>Kaposi’s sarcoma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the cardiovascular system is primarily responsible for the movement of oxygenated blood to the body?

    <p>Aorta</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What separates the right and left atria in the heart?

    <p>Interatrial septum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes a phenomenon that indicates an abnormal sound in the heart often detected during auscultation?

    <p>Murmur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common symptom of inadequate blood supply to the limbs?

    <p>Claudication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates the maximum point of impulse for the heart's contractions?

    <p>Point of maximum impulse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a sign that may suggest the presence of deep vein thrombosis?

    <p>Homans’ sign</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which structure of the heart does oxygen-poor blood collect before moving to the lungs?

    <p>Right atrium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of preload in cardiac function?

    <p>Affecting stroke volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom might be the only indication of a myocardial infarction in older adults?

    <p>Dyspnea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does jugular venous distention indicate in a cardiovascular examination?

    <p>Right-sided heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary consequence of lipid deposition in arteries due to atherosclerosis?

    <p>Narrowed lumens and clot formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a change in the cardiovascular system with age?

    <p>Decreased efficiency of heart muscle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is significant when assessing a patient for potential medication reactions?

    <p>Allergies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor significantly contributes to the risk of cardiovascular disease in older adults?

    <p>Higher levels of cholesterol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the possible interpretation of acute shortness of breath in a patient during assessment?

    <p>Pulmonary edema</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a cardiovascular assessment, which finding is indicative of compromised cardiac output?

    <p>Extreme fatigue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition can occur due to age-related changes and lead to falls in older adults?

    <p>Orthostatic hypotension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle changes are recommended to maintain cardiovascular health?

    <p>Regular exercise and maintaining healthy weight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In evaluating a patient’s health history, which factor is a significant risk for cardiovascular disorders?

    <p>Intake of alcohol</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the highest occurrence of hypertension occur according to the data?

    <p>In African American adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common abnormal finding associated with vital signs in acute cardiovascular issues?

    <p>Severe bradycardia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common effect of atherosclerosis on blood flow to organs?

    <p>Decreased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of physical examination finding might indicate myocardial infarction in an acute setting?

    <p>Pink frothy sputum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does aging typically have on the resting heart rate?

    <p>Often stays above adequate levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most likely cause of palpitations in patients experiencing dysrhythmias?

    <p>Electrolyte imbalance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be indicated by a patient reporting fatigue and reduced functional abilities?

    <p>Reduced cardiac output</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is directly associated with right-sided heart failure?

    <p>Fluid accumulation in tissues</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does an increase in weight in a patient with heart failure most likely indicate?

    <p>Fluid retention</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of reduced nerve conduction due to decreased oxygen supply?

    <p>Paresthesia and paralysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the standard threshold for normal blood pressure readings?

    <p>120/80 mm Hg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In evaluating blood pressure readings, which arm's reading is preferred for ongoing measurements?

    <p>The arm with the highest reading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is indicated by a blood pressure reading taken in the leg compared to that in the arm?

    <p>Leg readings are normally 10 mm Hg higher</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure anchors the tricuspid and mitral valves to the floor of the ventricles?

    <p>Chordae tendineae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which phase of the cardiac cycle do the ventricles contract?

    <p>Systole</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the difference in force of contraction between the left and right ventricles?

    <p>Thickness of muscular walls</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason the left ventricle pumps blood with considerably greater force than the right ventricle?

    <p>Systemic circulation requires more pressure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which heart sound is created by the closure of the AV valves?

    <p>Lubb</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of papillary muscles?

    <p>They stabilize the chordae tendineae during contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What significantly occurs during the diastole phase of the cardiac cycle?

    <p>Filling of the heart chambers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do the right and left atria contract in relation to each other?

    <p>Both atria contract simultaneously</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor related to family history increases the likelihood of sudden cardiac death?

    <p>Parents dying of sudden cardiac death before age 60</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary benefit does home blood pressure monitoring offer over traditional office measurements?

    <p>It overcomes the 'white coat effect'</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which guideline is essential when teaching a patient to measure blood pressure at home?

    <p>Use a properly calibrated and validated instrument</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During a physical examination, which indicator is crucial to assess oxygenation in a patient?

    <p>Level of consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a recommended procedure before taking an accurate blood pressure measurement?

    <p>Avoid exercise, caffeine, and smoking for 30 minutes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What method is recommended for measuring blood pressure accurately?

    <p>The oscillometric method with validated instruments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many blood pressure readings should a patient take for consistency in home monitoring?

    <p>Three consecutive readings in the morning and at night</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lifestyle factor is considered a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular health?

    <p>Dietary choices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Key Terms

    • acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS): Late phase of chronic immune function disorder
    • cytomegalovirus (CMV): Virus
    • human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): Virus causing AIDS
    • personal protective equipment (PPE): Equipment used to prevent pathogen exposure
    • Pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP): Infection
    • HIV/AIDS: Broad term encompassing the disease state

    Learning Outcomes

    • Define HIV and AIDS
    • Explain HIV transmission
    • Describe HIV diagnosis
    • Describe HIV/AIDS prognosis
    • Develop a teaching plan for HIV prevention
    • Identify prevention measures for HIV infection, opportunistic diseases
    • Develop a teaching plan for HIV/AIDS patients receiving antiretroviral therapy
    • Plan care for patients with HIV/AIDS related to medications, coinfections, and nutrition

    CDC AIDS-Defining Conditions

    • CD4+ T-lymphocyte count below 200/mm3
    • CD4+ T-lymphocyte percentage under 14 of total lymphocytes
    • Certain clinical conditions (e.g., candidiasis of bronchi, trachea, or lung; candidiasis, esophageal; cervical cancer, invasive, etc.)

    Learning Tip

    • HIV disease is not a life-threatening illness with ARV therapy
    • Now a chronic immune disorder

    Nursing Care Tip

    • HIV/AIDS challenges nurses to provide comprehensive care that addresses physical, emotional, social, and spiritual needs
    • Ongoing education and knowledge about HIV/AIDS and its treatment are crucial for effective care

    History and Incidence

    • First reported by CDC in 1981
    • Rapid increase in cases in 1980s; decrease in later 1990s
    • Over 1.1 million people in the US infected with HIV currently
    • African Americans have a significantly higher rate of new HIV infections than Caucasians
    • Women account for 25% of HIV infections
    • Older adults (50+) are increasingly contracting HIV

    Pathophysiology

    • HIV destroys immune cells
    • Opportunistic infections and cancers increase with deficient immunity
    • Two main strains: HIV-1 (global) and HIV-2 (West Africa)

    HIV Transmission

    • Infected blood, vaginal secretions, semen, breast milk, or body fluids
    • Not spread casually; needs a portal of entry
    • Not transmitted through casual contact, food, water, etc.
    • Donated blood and organs are tested for HIV, so transmission is rare

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    Description

    This quiz covers essential concepts related to HIV and AIDS, including definitions, transmission, diagnosis, and patient care. You'll also explore prevention measures and strategies for supporting individuals living with HIV/AIDS. Prepare to enhance your understanding of this critical public health issue.

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