HIV/AIDS Management and Opportunistic Infections

<p>They experience bouts of severe illness and debilitation alternating with periods of symptom stabilization</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exacerbation of psoriasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opportunistic infections or cancers become more common</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vaccines against HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They experience several opportunistic infections or cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To control the acute stage of infection and prevent recurrence</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent blindness from cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Comprehensive care with respect for patient goals and preferences</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiovascular disease and non-AIDS-defining cancers</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To coordinate care and address the complex needs of patients and families</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To maintain a good QOL in patients with HIV/AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A significant reduction in the patient's quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent the initial infection of opportunistic diseases</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decrease in the incidence of opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary prophylaxis</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To improve the quality of life for HIV patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Due to the significant decrease in the incidence of opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1.1 million AIDS-related deaths = 2015 1.7 million AIDS-related deaths = 2011 2.1 million people acquired HIV = 2015 18.2 million people receiving ART = 2016</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>New HIV infections = 35% AIDS-related deaths = 28% People living with HIV globally = 50% People receiving ART = 40%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>People living with HIV globally = 36.7 million People receiving ART = 18.2 million People who acquired HIV in 2015 = 2.1 million AIDS-related deaths in 2015 = 1.1 million</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Availability of ART = Reduced mortality from HIV Easy access of ART = Increased AIDS-related deaths Multiple prevention choices = Reduced HIV incidence Global expansion of access to HIV treatment = Increased new HIV infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV/AIDS epidemic = Volitale and dynamic ART therapy = General-purpose treatment Palliative care = Symptom management HIV/AIDS challenge = Pharmacological</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Achieving universal access to ART = Reduced HIV incidence Easier access of ART = Increased AIDS-related deaths Multiple prevention choices = Reduced mortality from HIV Global expansion of access to HIV treatment = Increased new HIV infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>HIV/AIDS epidemic = Complexity due to virus mutation ART therapy = Pharmacological challenges Palliative care = Pain and symptom management HIV/AIDS treatment = Limited resources</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Reduced mortality from HIV = Transformed AIDS into a manageable chronic illness Reduced HIV incidence = Increased AIDS-related deaths Increased access to ART = Reduced new HIV infections Global expansion of access to HIV treatment = Reduced mortality from HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of energy = 65% Drowsiness = 57% Difficulty sleeping = 56% Pain = 55%</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>African Americans = Fewer symptoms Whites or mixed/other race = More symptoms Women = More symptom burden Those with an AIDS diagnosis = Higher symptom burden scores</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptom relief = Prevention of future symptoms related to opportunistic infections Side effects = Acceptance of mortality and wish to stop antiretrovirals Prevention of future symptoms = ART because of its symptom relief Opportunistic infections = Patients may wish to continue ART</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Continuation of ART in hospice or palliative settings = Feelings of patients regarding the therapy Stopping antiretrovirals = Side effects and acceptance of mortality Starting ART = Symptom burden and CD4 cell count ART regimen = AIDS diagnosis and race</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age = Unrelated CD4 cell count = Unrelated AIDS diagnosis = Higher symptom burden scores Race = Symptom burden varied among races</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of energy = Most prevalent Drowsiness = Second most prevalent Difficulty sleeping = Third most prevalent Pain = Fourth most prevalent</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acceptance of mortality = Greater acceptance Symptom relief = Less important Prevention of future symptoms = Less important Side effects = More important</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lack of energy = Less severe with ART Drowsiness = Less severe with ART Difficulty sleeping = Less severe with ART Pain = Less severe with ART</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PreEP = A potential prevention method for HIV DISEASE TRAJECTORY = The natural history or progression of HIV infection PATHOGENESIS OF HIV = The process of how HIV virus survives and reproduces in a host cell Palliative Care = A type of care focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrovirus = A type of virus that can reproduce itself in a host cell HIV and AIDS = Synonymous terms for the same disease Opportunistic infections = Infections that occur when the immune system is weakened CD4 cell count = A measure of the immune system's functionality</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>8,500 = The number of women living with HIV who give birth annually 21,956 = The number of cases of perinatally acquired HIV infections prevented between 1994 and 2010 1,372 = The average number of new cases of perinatally acquired HIV infections per year 80% = The efficacy rate of PreEP in preventing HIV transmission</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Progressive immune-system dysfunction = A characteristic of the disease trajectory of HIV infection Decrease in CD4 cell count = A consequence of HIV infection Persistent viral replication = A characteristic of the disease trajectory of HIV infection Increase in plasma HIV-RNA levels = A consequence of HIV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palliative Care = A type of care focused on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life for patients with HIV/AIDS Cofactors = Influencing agents in the attachment of HIV virus to host cells Opportunistic infections = Infections that occur when the immune system is weakened due to HIV infection Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) = A treatment for HIV patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Symptom management = A goal of palliative care in HIV patients Long-term suppressive therapy = A treatment goal for opportunistic infections in patients with HIV/AIDS Primary prophylaxis = Administration of a pharmacological agent to prevent future occurrences of infection Health prevention measures = A goal of care focused on preventing the transmission of HIV</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Asymptomatic infection = An early stage of HIV infection Life-threatening illness = A potential consequence of HIV infection Immune-system dysfunction = A characteristic of HIV infection Viral replication = A process of HIV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Palliative Care = Relieving symptoms and improving quality of life Primary prevention = Preventing the transmission of HIV Secondary prevention = Detecting and treating HIV early Interprofessional team = Providing comprehensive care to patients with HIV/AIDS</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioids = Relieving neuropathic pain Tricyclic antidepressants = Reduction of emotional symptoms Cannabis = Relief from stress and anorexia Neuroleptics = Management of extrapyramidal side effects</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical = Ability to control physical symptoms Emotional = Ability to cope with emotional distress Social = Ability to participate in social activities Cognitive = Ability to maintain mental function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuroleptics = Increased risk of extrapyramidal side effects Tricyclic antidepressants = Reduced emotional symptoms Cannabis = Relief from neuropathic pain Anticonvulsants = Reduced seizure frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risks versus benefits of treatments = Consideration of treatment options for patients with late-stage AIDS Use of psychostimulants = Treatment of fatigue in patients with late-stage AIDS Aggressive antiemetic therapy = Treatment of PI-induced nausea and vomiting Continuation of suppressive therapy = Prevention of opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thorough history and physical examination = Diagnosis of signs and symptoms of disease Numerical scale from 0 to 10 = Rating of symptom severity Rating of symptom interference with daily activities = Assessment of quality of life Questions about symptom location and duration = Understanding of symptom presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vigneshwaran et al. = Study on physical and emotional symptoms Trescot et al. = Study on effective medications for pain relief Vosvick et al. = Study on functional QOL in men and women with AIDS Harris et al. = Study on cannabis benefits for HIV patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Neuropathic pain = Opioids and adjuvant medications Emotional distress = Tricyclic antidepressants Anorexia = Cannabis Seizures = Anticonvulsants</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blood transfusions = Treatment of severe anemia in patients with late-stage AIDS Corticosteroids = Treatment of fatigue in patients with late-stage AIDS Prophylactic medications = Prevention of opportunistic infections in dying patients Antiretroviral therapy (ART) = Treatment of HIV infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Prevention of symptoms = Anticipation of symptoms and prevention of their occurrence Aggressive treatment of symptoms = Relief of symptom severity Rating of symptom severity = Assessment of treatment effectiveness Continuation of suppressive therapy = Prevention of opportunistic infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical functioning = Ability to perform daily activities Emotional functioning = Ability to cope with emotional distress Social functioning = Ability to participate in social activities Cognitive functioning = Ability to maintain mental function</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rating of symptom severity = Assessment of symptom impact on daily life Rating of symptom interference with daily activities = Assessment of quality of life Thorough history and physical examination = Diagnosis of signs and symptoms of disease Questions about symptom location and duration = Understanding of symptom presentation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Opioids = Relief from neuropathic pain Anticonvulsants = Reduction of seizure frequency Tricyclic antidepressants = Relief from emotional distress Cannabis = Relief from stress and anorexia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vosvick et al. = Functional QOL in men and women with AIDS Harris et al. = Cannabis benefits for HIV patients Trescot et al. = Effective medications for pain relief Vigneshwaran et al. = Impact of physical and emotional symptoms on QOL</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Risks versus benefits of treatments = Optimization of treatment outcomes Use of psychostimulants = Treatment of fatigue in patients with late-stage AIDS Continuation of suppressive therapy = Prevention of opportunistic infections Aggressive antiemetic therapy = Treatment of PI-induced nausea and vomiting</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anticipatory symptom management = Prevention of symptoms through early intervention Active symptom management = Aggressive treatment of symptoms Prophylactic symptom management = Prevention of opportunistic infections Palliative symptom management = Relief of symptom severity</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Numerical scale from 0 to 10 = Rating of symptom severity Thorough history and physical examination = Diagnosis of signs and symptoms of disease Questions about symptom location and duration = Understanding of symptom presentation Rating of symptom interference with daily activities = Assessment of quality of life</p> Signup and view all the answers