HIV/AIDS in Children: Nutrition and Medical Care

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason for performing serial nutrition assessments in HIV+ children?

To assess response to HAART

To detect lipodystrophy

To monitor viral load

To identify growth failure and malnutrition (correct)

What is a common factor contributing to malnutrition in HIV+ children?

Higher infant CD4 count

Increased nutrient intake

History of pneumonia (correct)

Maternal use of antiretroviral therapy

Why are weight measurements alone insufficient in evaluating HIV+ children?

Because they are not a prognostic indicator of mortality

Because they are not correlated with viral load

Because they are affected by fluid shifts (correct)

Because they do not reflect lean body mass

What is the significance of growth failure in HIV+ children?

It is a prognostic indicator of mortality Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of body composition studies in HIV+ children?

To evaluate loss of lean body mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of HAART in HIV+ children?

It improves prognosis and life span Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of maintaining nutrition status in HIV+ children?

It is crucial for optimal health outcomes Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of HIV-associated lipodystrophy in children?

It emphasizes the extensive nutrition and metabolic manifestations of HIV infection Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in differentiating between nutrient deficiencies secondary to HIV/AIDS and background rates of micronutrient malnutrition in developing countries?

High prevalence of micronutrient deficiencies Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended feeding practice for HIV+ mothers in resource-rich settings?

Exclusive formula feeding Signup and view all the answers

What is the estimated percentage of postnatal transmission of HIV through breastfeeding?

12%-16% Signup and view all the answers

What is a maternal characteristic that increases the risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding?

Higher plasma and milk HIV viral load Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration of exclusive breastfeeding to reduce the risk of HIV transmission?

6 months Signup and view all the answers

What is the benefit of exclusive breastfeeding in reducing diarrheal illness and mortality?

Reduces diarrheal illness and mortality Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach to breastfeeding in resource-poor settings, according to the World Health Organization?

Exclusive breastfeeding when replacement feeding is not feasible Signup and view all the answers

What is the additional measure that can be taken to decrease the risk of HIV transmission to the infant postnatally?

Peripartum maternal and infant antiretroviral therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary benefit of using anthropometric measures such as mid-arm muscle area, subscapular skinfold, and triceps skinfold in HIV+ children?

To quantify fat and lean body mass Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of oral nutritional supplements or enteral tube feedings in HIV+ children with growth failure?

To improve weight and growth Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of antiretroviral therapy on growth in HIV+ children?

It improves weight and height while maintaining body mass index Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary complication of HIV lipodystrophy in children?

Hypertriglyceridemia and hypercholesterolemia Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended supplementation for pregnant and lactating women who are HIV+?

Standard pregnancy multivitamins Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential benefit of micronutrient supplementation in HIV+ children?

Better bone mineral density and reduced mortality risk Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary challenge in managing HIV lipodystrophy in children?

Lack of consensus on the definition of HIV lipodystrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of HAART therapy on weight and height in HIV+ children?

It increases weight and height while maintaining body mass index Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential risk of high-dose vitamin A supplementation in HIV+ mothers?

Increased risk of mother-to-child HIV transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the prevalence of HIV lipodystrophy in children and adolescents?

Between 13% and 67% Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Clinical Characteristics of HIV/AIDS in Children

Growth failure, wasting, and loss of lean tissue increase mortality and disease progression in HIV+ children.
HAART has improved prognosis and life span in HIV+ children, but HIV-associated lipodystrophy emphasizes the need for optimal nutrition and metabolic care.

Nutrition Assessment and Support

Nutrition assessment should be performed at baseline and serially for HIV+ children to identify growth failure and malnutrition.
Factors contributing to malnutrition in HIV+ children include a history of pneumonia, maternal illicit drug use, lower infant CD4 count, and increased HIV-1 viral load.
Anthropometry and body composition studies should be performed to assess lean body mass and fat loss.

Oral Nutritional Supplements and Enteral Tube Feedings

Oral nutritional supplements or enteral tube feedings may improve weight and growth in HIV+ children with growth failure.
Nutritional supplements can restore weight and growth in children with growth failure, and enteral tube feeding can improve weight gain if oral interventions fail.

Antiretroviral Therapy and Growth

Antiretroviral therapy improves growth in HIV+ children by reducing viral load and increasing weight and height.
Children with a virologic response or significant reduction in viral load to therapy tend to have greater weight and height increases.

HIV Lipodystrophy and Metabolic Complications

HIV-associated lipodystrophy includes abnormal blood lipid profiles, insulin resistance, and body fat redistribution.
Children and adolescents with HIV may exhibit lipohypertrophy, lipoatrophy, or a combination of both.
Management of lipodystrophy complications in HIV+ children is not well studied.

Supplementation for Pregnant and Lactating Women

Supplementation with multivitamins should be provided to pregnant and lactating women who are HIV+ to improve fetal and childhood outcomes.
Multivitamin supplementation has been linked to decreased prematurity, increased birth weight, and reduced incidence of small gestational age infants.

Micronutrient Supplementation in HIV+ Children

Micronutrient supplementation should be considered in HIV+ children to improve their micronutrient status.
Vitamin A supplementation has been shown to decrease diarrhea, upper respiratory tract infections, and mortality in HIV+ children.

Breastfeeding and Formula Feeding

Women who are HIV+ in resource-rich settings are advised to formula feed exclusively to avoid HIV transmission.
In resource-poor settings, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended due to decreased vertical transmission and infant mortality compared to mixed feeding regimens.
Peripartum maternal and infant antiretroviral prophylaxis during breastfeeding may also decrease the risk of HIV transmission to the infant postnatally.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Description

This quiz covers the clinical characteristics of HIV/AIDS in children, including growth failure, wasting, and nutrition care. It also discusses the importance of HAART in improving prognosis and life span.