Angular momentu.

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Questions and Answers

What is the first stage of the HIV life cycle?

Binding

Which enzyme is responsible for converting the virus's RNA genome into DNA?

Reverse transcriptase

In which stage does the virus exploit the host cell's replicative processes to produce more virus RNA and DNA?

Replication

What is the final stage of the HIV life cycle?

Egress Signup and view all the answers

In which cells does HIV primarily replicate in the periphery?

CD4+ T cells Signup and view all the answers

Which cells does HIV mainly infect in the central nervous system (CNS)?

Macrophages and astrocytes Signup and view all the answers

What is the formula for angular momentum?

$\vec{L} = \vec{r} \times \vec{p}$ Signup and view all the answers

What is torque defined as for a rigid body?

$\vec{\tau} = \vec{r} \times \vec{F}$ Signup and view all the answers

What determines the angular momentum of an object?

Mass, velocity, and distance from the point of rotation Signup and view all the answers

How is angular momentum sometimes referred to?

Spin Signup and view all the answers

What principle is equivalent to the law of conservation of angular momentum?

Law of conservation of momentum Signup and view all the answers

What remains constant as long as no external torque is applied to a system?

Angular momentum Signup and view all the answers

According to the conservation of angular momentum, what happens when the rate of change of angular momentum is zero?

The torque acting on the system is zero Signup and view all the answers

How does the conservation of angular momentum explain the performance of a figure skater?

By maintaining the skater's rotational motion when no external torque acts on them Signup and view all the answers

In what way do gyroscopes exploit the law of conservation of angular momentum?

By maintaining their rotation on a stable trajectory Signup and view all the answers

Why is the conservation of angular momentum crucial for understanding bicycle stability?

It balances the external torque generated by the friction between the tires and the road Signup and view all the answers

What does the law of conservation of angular momentum ensure for a spinning top or a spinning Frisbee?

It maintains their rotation on a stable trajectory Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred if the rate of change of angular momentum with respect to time is not zero?

The system's moment of inertia is not constant Signup and view all the answers

What does it mean if an object's angular momentum is conserved?

Its speed is constant Signup and view all the answers

How does the law of conservation of angular momentum affect the rotational motion of a mass when no external torque acts on it?

It allows the mass to maintain its rotational motion Signup and view all the answers

What role does the external torque play in relation to the conservation of angular momentum?

It balances or opposes changes in angular momentum Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

The HIV Life Cycle

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) life cycle involves a series of stages that allow the virus to replicate and spread within host cells. Understanding the HIV life cycle is crucial for developing effective treatments and strategies to combat the virus. The seven stages of the HIV life cycle are as follows:

Binding: The virus's envelope glycoprotein binds to the CD4 receptor on the host cell's membrane.
Fusion: The virus's envelope fusion protein facilitates the fusion of the virus with the host cell's membrane, allowing the virus to enter the cell.
Reverse Transcription: Once inside the host cell, the virus converts its RNA genome into DNA using the reverse transcriptase enzyme.
Integration: The integrated DNA form of the virus inserts itself into the host cell's DNA.
Replication: The virus exploits the host cell's replicative processes to produce more virus RNA and DNA.
Assembly: New virus particles are assembled from the viral RNA and DNA within the host cell.
Egress: The assembled virus particles are released from the host cell, allowing them to infect other cells.

HIV primarily replicates in CD4+ T cells in the periphery, but in the central nervous system (CNS), the virus mainly infects macrophages and astrocytes. The virus has evolved strategies to evade the host's immune system, including the use of viral factors and co-opting of intracellular trafficking pathways.

The HIV life cycle can be targeted by antiretroviral therapy (ART), which includes a combination of drugs that inhibit different stages of the viral replication process. However, ART is not a cure for HIV, and if drugs are stopped, the virus can rebound within weeks. Despite the challenges, ongoing research and technological advancements continue to improve our understanding of the HIV life cycle and develop more effective strategies to combat the virus.

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Description

Explore the stages and intricacies of the HIV life cycle, including binding, fusion, reverse transcription, integration, replication, assembly, and egress. Understand the strategies the virus employs to evade the immune system and the use of antiretroviral therapy to combat HIV.