HIV Diagnosis and Treatment in Newborns

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary reason testing for antibodies is unreliable in diagnosing HIV in newborns?

Newborns do not produce antibodies.

Newborns have immature immune systems.

Antibody tests are not sensitive enough for infants.

Maternal antibodies can interfere with results. (correct)

At what age is combined therapy (HAART) typically initiated in newborns infected with HIV?

Only when symptoms appear.

After six months of age.

At birth if the infant is HIV positive. (correct)

After the first flu vaccination.

Which classification is specifically considered AIDS-defining among the four classifications of clinical and immunological status?

Rapid weight loss.

CD4 count below 200 cells/mm³. (correct)

A history of opportunistic infections.

Persistent Kaposi's sarcoma.

What is the recommended testing frequency for an adolescent who has had unprotected sex, following an initial negative home test for HIV?

Every three months for one year. Signup and view all the answers

Which mode of HIV transmission has decreased in the US, and what is a contributing factor to this decrease?

Vertical transmission; widespread use of antiretroviral therapy in pregnant women. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key reason drug doses of HAART are based on weight in children and infants?

Children have varying levels of enzyme activity compared to adults. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a primary concern regarding breastfeeding for HIV-positive mothers?

HIV can be transmitted to the infant through breast milk. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes pediatric HIV infections from those in adults, particularly in symptomatic presentation?

Children typically present with severe skin infections earlier. Signup and view all the answers

In terms of HIV transmission, what is the primary characteristic of the mode that has seen a decline in the US?

It is primarily related to needle sharing among drug users. Signup and view all the answers

What nursing diagnosis might be relevant for a child diagnosed with HIV based on potential complications of their condition?

Risk for infection due to compromised immune system. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of combining multiple antiretroviral drugs in HAART?

To prevent the development of drug-resistant strains of HIV Signup and view all the answers

Which classification of clinical and immunological status indicates the progression of HIV to AIDS?

Category 4: AIDS defining illness Signup and view all the answers

In the context of HIV transmission, which of the following statements is true regarding the modes of transmission?

Sharing needles maintains the highest transmission rate Signup and view all the answers

When considering the timing of HAART initiation in newborns, which factor is critical?

The newborn’s age at diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary concerns regarding breastfeeding for mothers who are HIV positive?

HIV can be transmitted through breast milk Signup and view all the answers

How is the initial diagnosis of HIV made in newborns when antibody testing is considered unreliable?

By measuring viral load in blood samples. Signup and view all the answers

What is an important difference in the presentation of HIV between children and adults?

Children often exhibit more severe opportunistic infections. Signup and view all the answers

In the context of HAART, why is weight a critical factor when determining drug dosages for infants and children?

Doses must align with their body surface area. Signup and view all the answers

What are the recommended guidelines for HIV+ pregnant women regarding breastfeeding?

They should avoid breastfeeding to prevent transmission. Signup and view all the answers

Which two modes of HIV transmission are acknowledged, and which has notably decreased in the US?

Sexual contact and vertical transmission; vertical transmission has decreased. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of HAART in the management of HIV in children?

To suppress viral replication and improve immune function. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

HIV Diagnosis in Newborns

HIV diagnosis in newborns is done by testing for antibodies, however, this is unreliable.

HIV Differences in Children and Adults

There are differences in HIV presentation between children and adults.

HAART Dosing in Infants and Children

Drug doses for HAART in infants and children are based on specific factors.
HAART in newborns starts at a defined time.

HAART and Medication Ratios

HAART is a combined therapy.
The ratio of medications in HAART is important.

HIV Clinical and Immunological Classifications

There are 4 classifications of clinical and immunological status in HIV.
One classification is considered to be AIDS.

HIV Guidelines for Pregnant Women Regarding Delivery and Breastfeeding

Guidelines for pregnant women who are HIV+ exist regarding delivery and breastfeeding.

HIV Transmission Modes in the US

Two modes of HIV transmission exist.
One mode has decreased in the US.
The reason for decrease is not provided.

HIV Home Test Confirmation

A home HIV test may not always confirm negative status.
Follow-up testing is crucial after a home test.
Frequency of follow-up testing depends on test results and other factors.

Nursing Diagnoses for HIV+ Children

Four nursing diagnoses are appropriate for children who are HIV+.

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Description

This quiz covers the essential aspects of HIV diagnosis and treatment in newborns and children, including differences in presentation, HAART dosing, and clinical classifications. It also discusses guidelines for HIV-positive pregnant women and the modes of transmission in the US.