HIV and TB in Adults: Clinical Presentation and Diagnosis

What is the prevalence of HIV in South Africa?

What is the vertical transmission rate of HIV in South Africa?

Which of the following is a primary mode of HIV transmission?

What is the recommended approach to improve health outcomes in South Africa?

Which population is disproportionately affected by HIV in South Africa?

What is the incidence of HIV among 15-49 year olds in South Africa?

Which of the following is NOT a primary mode of HIV transmission?

What percentage of women of reproductive age (15–49 years) are living with HIV in South Africa?

Epidemiology of HIV in South Africa

South Africa has the largest number of people living with HIV (PLWH) globally, with a prevalence of around 8 million.
The incidence rate is 7 per 1,000 among 15-49 year olds.
Approximately ¼ of women of reproductive age (15-49 years) are living with HIV.
The vertical transmission rate in the country is 3.5%.

High-Risk Populations

Half of new infections occur among young key populations, including:
- Men who have sex with men
- Transgender women
- People who sell sex
- People who inject drugs
These individuals may experience barriers to effective prevention services.

HIV Transmission and Definition

HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus) is a retrovirus that attacks the immune system, leading to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) if left untreated.
Primary modes of HIV transmission:
- Unprotected sexual intercourse
- Sharing of needles
- Mother-to-child during childbirth or breastfeeding (WHO, 2021)

HIV Guidelines

SA HIV guidelines emphasize early diagnosis and immediate initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART) to improve health outcomes (South African National Department of Health, 2021).

This quiz covers the clinical presentation and diagnosis of Tuberculosis and HIV in adults, including epidemiology and transmission rates in South Africa.