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Questions and Answers
What is the primary mechanism that leads to conductive hearing loss in otosclerosis?
What is the primary mechanism that leads to conductive hearing loss in otosclerosis?
Which condition is characterized by fluid accumulation in the middle ear behind an intact tympanic membrane?
Which condition is characterized by fluid accumulation in the middle ear behind an intact tympanic membrane?
What is a common cause of otitis media with effusion in children?
What is a common cause of otitis media with effusion in children?
Which of the following often affects adults with persistent unilateral middle ear effusion?
Which of the following often affects adults with persistent unilateral middle ear effusion?
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What type of hearing loss is typically associated with tympanosclerosis?
What type of hearing loss is typically associated with tympanosclerosis?
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What is the effect of barotrauma on the ear during descent while diving?
What is the effect of barotrauma on the ear during descent while diving?
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Which of the following options describes exostoses of the external auditory canal?
Which of the following options describes exostoses of the external auditory canal?
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What results from inadequate ventilation through the eustachian tube?
What results from inadequate ventilation through the eustachian tube?
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Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with bloody otorrhoea due to a traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane?
Which of the following conditions is most likely associated with bloody otorrhoea due to a traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane?
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What is a common clinical finding in a patient with TB ear?
What is a common clinical finding in a patient with TB ear?
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What does a 'halo sign' indicate in patients with suspected skull base fracture?
What does a 'halo sign' indicate in patients with suspected skull base fracture?
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In the context of otosclerosis, what typically is disrupted leading to conductive hearing loss?
In the context of otosclerosis, what typically is disrupted leading to conductive hearing loss?
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Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with barotrauma?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT commonly associated with barotrauma?
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Which condition can be characterized by the presence of 'Raccoon eyes' in a patient?
Which condition can be characterized by the presence of 'Raccoon eyes' in a patient?
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What type of hearing loss is typically associated with a rupture of the tympanic membrane?
What type of hearing loss is typically associated with a rupture of the tympanic membrane?
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What is generally seen in cases of otitis media with effusion?
What is generally seen in cases of otitis media with effusion?
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What is the primary cause of 'cauliflower ear'?
What is the primary cause of 'cauliflower ear'?
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Which of the following conditions is characterized by deep boring pain in the ear and may progress to osteomyelitis?
Which of the following conditions is characterized by deep boring pain in the ear and may progress to osteomyelitis?
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Which pathogen is most commonly associated with necrotising otitis externa?
Which pathogen is most commonly associated with necrotising otitis externa?
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In fungal infections of the ear, which of the following symptoms is most characteristic?
In fungal infections of the ear, which of the following symptoms is most characteristic?
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What raises the risk of developing Ramsey Hunt syndrome?
What raises the risk of developing Ramsey Hunt syndrome?
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What is a distinguishing feature of diffuse acute otitis externa?
What is a distinguishing feature of diffuse acute otitis externa?
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What is the primary characteristic symptom of acute otitis externa localized to the lateral ear canal?
What is the primary characteristic symptom of acute otitis externa localized to the lateral ear canal?
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What complication might arise from untreated perichondritis?
What complication might arise from untreated perichondritis?
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What is commonly the underlying cause of swimmer's ear?
What is commonly the underlying cause of swimmer's ear?
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Which of the following is NOT a symptom of perichondritis?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of perichondritis?
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Study Notes
TM Defects
- Locations of TM defects: Pars flaccida, Postero-superior marginal, Sentinel or inflammatory polyp.
TB Ear
- Characterized by otorrhoea unresponsive to treatment, exposed bone and ossicles, and multiple perforations.
- Facial nerve (CN VII) palsy may occur.
- 50% of patients may have disseminated TB or pulmonary TB (PTB).
- In South Africa, a runny ear with facial nerve palsy suggests TB until proven otherwise.
Bloody Otorrhoea
- Caused by traumatic perforation of the tympanic membrane (TM) through:
- Penetrating injury
- Pressure changes (diving or flying) or explosions
- Skull base fractures
- Symptoms include bloody otorrhoea, possible hearing loss, balance issues, and blood in the external auditory canal (EAC).
CSF Otorrhoea
- Indicative of a skull base fracture with signs such as:
- Battle sign (mastoid bruise)
- Raccoon eyes (periorbital bruising)
- Halo sign (CSF otorrhea/rhinorrhea)
- Hemotympanum
- Hearing loss may be conductive (TM rupture/ossicular chain disruption) or sensorineural (cochlear injury).
- Nystagmus and vertigo can occur if the vestibular apparatus is affected.
Barotrauma
- Results from pressure differences between the environment and the middle ear (ME).
- Causes:
- Descent leads to increased atmospheric pressure and a relative vacuum in the ME
- Ascent allows air to escape passively
- Valsalva maneuver helps to equalize pressure.
Asymptomatic Ear Diseases
- Conditions that may never present include:
- Otitis media with effusion
- Otosclerosis
- Tympanosclerosis
- Exostoses
Otitis Media with Effusion (OME)
- A condition where fluid accumulates in the middle ear behind an intact TM.
- Often follows acute otitis media (AOM) or is caused by inadequate ventilation via the Eustachian tube, particularly in children.
- Symptoms may include mild to moderate conductive hearing loss and speech impairment.
Otosclerosis
- Characterized by abnormal bone fixation of the stapes footplate.
- Typically familial or spontaneous, causing bilateral conductive hearing loss without prior trauma or infections.
Tympanosclerosis
- Involves scar tissue formation in the middle layer of the TM.
- Usually maintains normal drum mobility with normal hearing, though ossicular involvement can occur occasionally.
Exostoses
- Known as "surfer's ear," occurs when the external auditory canal becomes obstructed by bony overgrowth due to prolonged cold water and wind exposure.
Perichondritis of the Pinna
- Symptoms include pain, induration, erythema, and possibly abscess formation.
Complications of Perichondritis
- May lead to "cauliflower ear," where cartilage distortion occurs due to replacement with fibrous tissue.
Ramsey Hunt Syndrome (Herpes Zoster Oticus)
- A reactivation of the varicella zoster virus in the ear.
- Symptoms include vesicles in the auricle/EAC and potential facial nerve palsy.
- Higher incidence in immunocompromised individuals.
Acute Otitis Externa (AOE)
- AOE or swimmer's ear can be diffuse or localized (furunculosis).
- Symptoms of diffuse AOE include pain on auricle manipulation, inflamed EAC, and scanty discharge.
- Localized AOE is caused by Staphylococcus aureus, presenting with severe otalgia.
Otomycosis
- A fungal infection typically caused by Aspergillus or Candida species.
- Symptoms mirror those of diffuse AOE, including pain and scanty otorrhoea.
Necrotizing Otitis Externa
- A severe infection affecting the EAC and skull base, commonly mistaken for malignancy.
- Predominantly seen in immunocompromised patients, presenting with severe pain and possible progression to osteomyelitis.
External Auditory Canal (EAC) Tumours
- Tumors mainly arise from the skin of the pinna entering the EAC.
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Description
This quiz explores the symptoms and diagnostic criteria related to TB ear, including effects on the tympanic membrane, facial nerve involvement, and potential systemic dissemination of tuberculosis. Test your understanding of these critical medical concepts and their implications for patient care.
