HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Structure
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Questions and Answers

What is the function of the integrase protein in the HIV life cycle?

  • To integrate the double-stranded DNA into the host cell genome (correct)
  • To reverse transcribe the viral RNA genome into DNA
  • To transcribe the viral RNA genome into DNA
  • To translate the viral mRNA into protein

    • What is the role of the CD4 receptor in HIV infection?

  • It is a host cell protein that inhibits HIV replication
  • It is a glycoprotein that mediates the fusion of HIV with the host cell
  • It serves as a co-receptor for HIV entry into the host cell (correct)
  • It is a viral protein involved in the integration of HIV genome

    • What is the outcome of the reverse transcription process in HIV infection?

  • The production of single-stranded DNA
  • The production of mRNA
  • The production of double-stranded RNA
  • The production of double-stranded DNA (correct)

    • What is the function of the protease enzyme in the HIV life cycle?

    <p>To cleave the viral polyprotein into mature proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the gp120 protein in HIV infection?

    <p>It is a viral envelope protein involved in the recognition of host cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the outcome of the integration of the HIV genome into the host cell genome?

    <p>The establishment of a latent infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hydroxyethyl group of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor?

    <p>It fits neatly between the carboxylate groups of the aspartate pair in the protease active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are HIV-1 protease inhibitors designed to be specific to HIV-1 protease?

    <p>To minimize binding to host proteases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of inhibitor binding on the HIV-1 protease?

    <p>It induces a conformational change, closing the 'flaps' over the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors being designed and repurposed?

    <p>Because SARS-CoV-2 protease has a similar structure and function to HIV protease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the interaction between the HIV-1 protease inhibitor and the aspartate pair in the protease active site?

    <p>The inhibitor binds tightly and specifically to the active site</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the factor of 104 in the context of HIV-1 protease inhibitors?

    <p>It represents the difference in binding affinity between HIV-1 protease and pepsin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of BP-dG in DNA?

    <p>In the minor groove</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the direction of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerases?

    <p>5’ → 3’</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of pyrophosphatase enzyme?

    <p>To hydrolyze PPi and drive the equilibrium to the right</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of nucleophiles?

    <p>They are electron-rich and attracted to electron-deficient compounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of Pol I family of DNA polymerases?

    <p>High fidelity and processive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the location of the catalytic site for nucleotide addition in DNA polymerases?

    <p>At the junction between fingers and palm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of the steric gate in DNA polymerases?

    <p>To exclude Ribo-NTPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the loss of the steric gate in the alanine mutant?

    <p>Increased incorporation of Ribo-NTPs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the BP-dG adduct on DNA synthesis?

    <p>It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the BP rings in the minor groove?

    <p>It disturbs the minor groove scanning tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the G*:C Watson-Crick pair in the BF?

    <p>It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of the displacement of the 3’ OH in the BF?

    <p>It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main limitation of using peptide nucleic acid oligomers to inhibit gene expression in bacteria?

    <p>Inefficient uptake by bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of using PNA probes over DNA probes for detecting DNA sequences?

    <p>PNA probes bind more tightly to DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of antisense technology in bacteria?

    <p>Re-establishing sensitivity to penicillin in resistant bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential strategy to improve the uptake of PNAs by bacteria?

    <p>Attaching small peptides or ligands to the PNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical length of a PNA probe used for diagnostic detection of DNA sequences?

    <p>Fewer than 20 nucleotides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the potential application of PNA technology in diagnostics?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

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