HIV and SARS-CoV-2 Structure

What is the function of the integrase protein in the HIV life cycle?

To integrate the double-stranded DNA into the host cell genome (correct)
To reverse transcribe the viral RNA genome into DNA
To transcribe the viral RNA genome into DNA
To translate the viral mRNA into protein

What is the role of the CD4 receptor in HIV infection?

It is a host cell protein that inhibits HIV replication
It is a glycoprotein that mediates the fusion of HIV with the host cell
It serves as a co-receptor for HIV entry into the host cell (correct)
It is a viral protein involved in the integration of HIV genome

What is the outcome of the reverse transcription process in HIV infection?

The production of single-stranded DNA
The production of mRNA
The production of double-stranded RNA
The production of double-stranded DNA (correct)

What is the function of the protease enzyme in the HIV life cycle?

To cleave the viral polyprotein into mature proteins (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the gp120 protein in HIV infection?

It is a viral envelope protein involved in the recognition of host cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the outcome of the integration of the HIV genome into the host cell genome?

The establishment of a latent infection (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the hydroxyethyl group of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor?

It fits neatly between the carboxylate groups of the aspartate pair in the protease active site (A) Signup and view all the answers

Why are HIV-1 protease inhibitors designed to be specific to HIV-1 protease?

To minimize binding to host proteases (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of inhibitor binding on the HIV-1 protease?

It induces a conformational change, closing the 'flaps' over the active site (C) Signup and view all the answers

Why are SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors being designed and repurposed?

Because SARS-CoV-2 protease has a similar structure and function to HIV protease (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the interaction between the HIV-1 protease inhibitor and the aspartate pair in the protease active site?

The inhibitor binds tightly and specifically to the active site (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the factor of 104 in the context of HIV-1 protease inhibitors?

It represents the difference in binding affinity between HIV-1 protease and pepsin (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of BP-dG in DNA?

In the minor groove (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the direction of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerases?

5’ → 3’ (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of pyrophosphatase enzyme?

To hydrolyze PPi and drive the equilibrium to the right (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of nucleophiles?

They are electron-rich and attracted to electron-deficient compounds (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of Pol I family of DNA polymerases?

High fidelity and processive (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the location of the catalytic site for nucleotide addition in DNA polymerases?

At the junction between fingers and palm (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the steric gate in DNA polymerases?

To exclude Ribo-NTPs (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the loss of the steric gate in the alanine mutant?

Increased incorporation of Ribo-NTPs (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the BP-dG adduct on DNA synthesis?

It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the BP rings in the minor groove?

It disturbs the minor groove scanning tract (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of the G*:C Watson-Crick pair in the BF?

It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of the displacement of the 3’ OH in the BF?

It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main limitation of using peptide nucleic acid oligomers to inhibit gene expression in bacteria?

Inefficient uptake by bacteria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the advantage of using PNA probes over DNA probes for detecting DNA sequences?

PNA probes bind more tightly to DNA (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential application of antisense technology in bacteria?

Re-establishing sensitivity to penicillin in resistant bacteria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential strategy to improve the uptake of PNAs by bacteria?

Attaching small peptides or ligands to the PNA (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the typical length of a PNA probe used for diagnostic detection of DNA sequences?

Fewer than 20 nucleotides (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the potential application of PNA technology in diagnostics?

Both A and B (B) Signup and view all the answers