30 Questions
What is the function of the integrase protein in the HIV life cycle?
To integrate the double-stranded DNA into the host cell genome
What is the role of the CD4 receptor in HIV infection?
It serves as a co-receptor for HIV entry into the host cell
What is the outcome of the reverse transcription process in HIV infection?
The production of double-stranded DNA
What is the function of the protease enzyme in the HIV life cycle?
To cleave the viral polyprotein into mature proteins
What is the role of the gp120 protein in HIV infection?
It is a viral envelope protein involved in the recognition of host cells
What is the outcome of the integration of the HIV genome into the host cell genome?
The establishment of a latent infection
What is the role of the hydroxyethyl group of the HIV-1 protease inhibitor?
It fits neatly between the carboxylate groups of the aspartate pair in the protease active site
Why are HIV-1 protease inhibitors designed to be specific to HIV-1 protease?
To minimize binding to host proteases
What is the effect of inhibitor binding on the HIV-1 protease?
It induces a conformational change, closing the 'flaps' over the active site
Why are SARS-CoV-2 protease inhibitors being designed and repurposed?
Because SARS-CoV-2 protease has a similar structure and function to HIV protease
What is the result of the interaction between the HIV-1 protease inhibitor and the aspartate pair in the protease active site?
The inhibitor binds tightly and specifically to the active site
What is the significance of the factor of 104 in the context of HIV-1 protease inhibitors?
It represents the difference in binding affinity between HIV-1 protease and pepsin
What is the location of BP-dG in DNA?
In the minor groove
What is the direction of DNA synthesis by DNA polymerases?
5’ → 3’
What is the role of pyrophosphatase enzyme?
To hydrolyze PPi and drive the equilibrium to the right
What is a characteristic of nucleophiles?
They are electron-rich and attracted to electron-deficient compounds
What is a characteristic of Pol I family of DNA polymerases?
High fidelity and processive
What is the location of the catalytic site for nucleotide addition in DNA polymerases?
At the junction between fingers and palm
What is the main function of the steric gate in DNA polymerases?
To exclude Ribo-NTPs
What is the consequence of the loss of the steric gate in the alanine mutant?
Increased incorporation of Ribo-NTPs
What is the effect of the BP-dG adduct on DNA synthesis?
It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis
What is the consequence of the BP rings in the minor groove?
It disturbs the minor groove scanning tract
What is the effect of the G*:C Watson-Crick pair in the BF?
It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis
What is the consequence of the displacement of the 3’ OH in the BF?
It blocks the extension of DNA synthesis
What is the main limitation of using peptide nucleic acid oligomers to inhibit gene expression in bacteria?
Inefficient uptake by bacteria
What is the advantage of using PNA probes over DNA probes for detecting DNA sequences?
PNA probes bind more tightly to DNA
What is the potential application of antisense technology in bacteria?
Re-establishing sensitivity to penicillin in resistant bacteria
What is a potential strategy to improve the uptake of PNAs by bacteria?
Attaching small peptides or ligands to the PNA
What is the typical length of a PNA probe used for diagnostic detection of DNA sequences?
Fewer than 20 nucleotides
What is the potential application of PNA technology in diagnostics?
Both A and B
Learn about the structure of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and SARS-CoV-2, including their components and functions. Understand the proteins and genomes that make up these viruses.
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