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Virology Quiz Questions
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Virology Quiz Questions

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Questions and Answers

How is sterilization in an autoclave achieved?

  • Radiation
  • Dry heat
  • Moist heat (correct)
  • Filtration
  • What is the purpose of an antibiogram?

  • To assess the sensitivity of bacteria to antibiotics (correct)
  • To study the ability of bacteria to produce antibiotics
  • To examine the harmfulness of antibiotics
  • To measure the weight of antibiotics
  • How do bacteria primarily divide?

  • Binary fission (correct)
  • Mitosis
  • Transduction
  • Meiosis
  • What is symbiosis?

    <p>Living together in a community of two or more different organisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    From a clinical perspective, how are bacteria classified?

    <p>Extracellular parasites</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true for enveloped viruses?

    <p>All icosahedral and some spherical viruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses are primarily classified into several large groups based on:

    <p>Nucleic acid characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Viruses can be purified based on their size and density using:

    <p>Density gradient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The most commonly used method of indirect virus counting is:

    <p>Plaque counting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    For virus isolation, embryos of the following are most commonly used:

    <p>Chickens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adhesion of the influenza virus to the target cell surface is enabled by the presence of:

    <p>Hemagglutinin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In an infected cell, viruses can do everything except:

    <p>Degrade host cell DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'holes' formed in tissue culture due to virus replication are called:

    <p>Plaques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement is not true:

    <p>Viruses replicate extracellularly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Conquistadors conquered the Aztec Empire with the help of an epidemic of:

    <p>Smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Anthracis appears as:

    <p>clusters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gram-positive lancet-shaped or flame-shaped diplococci suggest a diagnosis of:

    <p>Streptococcus pneumoniae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Choose the correct sentence:

    <p>An important criterion for diagnosing diseases caused by Enterococcus faecalis is a fourfold rise in complement-fixing antibody titer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Swarming on agar is a cultural characteristic significant for the identification of:

    <p>Proteus sp.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about typhoid fever is correct:

    <p>after immunization with the TAB vaccine, the titer of O antibodies rises rapidly and remains elevated for several years</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cholera enterotoxin:

    <p>causes the excretion of sodium and water into the intestinal lumen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a direct Gram stain preparation, how are meningococci and gonococci differentiated?

    <p>Can be differentiated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The causative agents of bacterial vaginosis include all bacteria except:

    <p>Chlamydia trachomatis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long does M.tuberculosis form visible colonies on solid nutrient medium before a negative result is issued?

    <p>2-3 weeks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The exotoxin of Corynebacterium diphtheriae is:

    <p>antigenically different and labeled with letters A, B, C, and D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which exoproduct is considered a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus?

    <p>Coagulase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The presence of neutralizing antibodies to diphtheria toxin can be demonstrated by:

    <p>Elek test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of bacterial species is Staphylococcus epidermidis?

    <p>Conditionally pathogenic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which selective medium is used for the isolation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae?

    <p>Tinsdale agar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does E.coli most commonly cause pyogenic infections?

    <p>Urinary tract</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sentence is correct?

    <p>The main reservoir of group B streptococcus (Streptococcus agalactiae) is the vaginal mucosa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Does S.typhi reproduce in macrophages?

    <p>Yes, by inhibiting the formation of phagolysosomes and oxidative bursts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typhus?

    <p>A generalized infection accompanied by high fever and intoxication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Infections with S.Arizonae are common in which group?

    <p>Patients treated in Arizona</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Is cholera toxin an AB toxin that activates adenylate cyclase?

    <p>No</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which DNA viruses include Influenza A and hepatitis B virus?

    <p>Influenza A and hepatitis B virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does not cause Gastroenteritis?

    <p>Adenoviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which infection does not result in a chronic carrier state?

    <p>None of the provided answers is correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viruses are transmitted via respiratory transmission?

    <p>Correct answers are a and c</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which viruses have negative RNA?

    <p>Picornaviruses and rhabdoviruses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about Hepatitis C infection?

    <p>All of the provided answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about Measles virus?

    <p>Undergoes antigenic drift and antigenic shift</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a viral zoonosis?

    <p>Rubella</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about Hepatitis A?

    <p>Can be prevented by giving immunoglobulin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about Hepatitis B infection?

    <p>All of the provided answers are correct</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements about Prions is true?

    <p>Have a long incubation period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diseases are caused by 'slow viruses'?

    <p>Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease and progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Herpes simplex labialis NOT cause?

    <p>Genital herpes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which virus causes a vesicular rash?

    <p>Varicella-zoster virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about Respiratory syncytial virus?

    <p>Can cause bronchiolitis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the incubation period of HIV infection, what is NOT true?

    <p>Anti-gp120 antibodies are not produced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Here are the study notes:

    Virus Classification

    • Viruses are primarily classified into several large groups based on: • Nucleic acid characteristics • Capsid symmetry • Type of host • Virus diameter

    Virus Structure

    • Viruses have: • A protein coat (capsid) • Genetic material (either DNA or RNA) • Sometimes, a lipid envelope (enveloped viruses)
    • Enveloped viruses include: • Some icosahedral viruses • Some spherical viruses

    Virus Replication

    • Viruses can replicate: • In the host's cytoplasm • In the host's nucleus
    • Viral RNA replicates in the host's: • Cytoplasm
    • Intracellular structures formed by viral replication are: • Inclusion bodies

    Bacterial Cell Structure

    • The primary function of the capsule (as a bacterial cell envelope) is: • Protection of the bacterial cell
    • Bacterial cell walls are composed of: • Peptidoglycan (in Gram-positive bacteria)
    • The periplasmic space is located between: • The cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane
    • The cytoplasmic membrane is a: • Double-layer membrane

    Bacteriology

    • Bacteria are: • Prokaryotes
    • Bacteria have: • A nucleoid (no true nucleus)
    • The primary sterile region is: • The upper respiratory tract

    Antimicrobial Agents

    • Antimicrobial agents are substances that: • Kill or prevent the multiplication of microorganisms in a living organism
    • Mechanisms of resistance include: • Enzymatic destruction or inactivation of the drug • Modification of the target enzyme • Alteration of cell wall permeability

    Microbiology

    • Sterilization is: • The method by which all living microorganisms are killed or removed
    • Disinfection is: • The method by which the number of live microorganisms is reduced by killing or removing them
    • The minimum inhibitory concentration is: • The minimum concentration sufficient to inhibit bacterial growth### Microbiology
    • Bacteremia is a condition that occurs after the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms.
    • Septicemia is the invasion of the blood by pathogenic microorganisms.
    • Signs of inflammation include:
      • Rubor (redness)
      • Calor (heat)
      • Tumor (swelling)
    • Adherence occurs between receptors on the surface of microorganisms and target tissue.
    • L-forms of bacteria:
      • Are not found in nature
      • Can occur in vitro conditions
      • Are significant in antibiotic resistance
    • Pathogenicity is the ability of bacteria to damage tissue and cause disease.
    • Infectivity is the ability of a microorganism to establish an initial site of infection.
    • Bacterial resistance to antibiotics:
      • Exists
      • Is a result of inadequate antibiotic use
    • Invasiveness is the ability of a microorganism to establish an initial site of infection, proliferate, and spread.

    Bacterial Structure and Function

    • Peptidoglycan is a chemical compound present only in bacterial cells.
    • Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria differ in terms of the composition of the cell wall.
    • Not all bacteria have a cell wall (e.g., Mycoplasma).
    • The cessation of growth in some bacteria leads to sporulation.

    Toxins

    • Endotoxins:
      • Are lipopolysaccharides
      • Are highly toxic
      • Are found in the cell wall of bacteria
    • Exotoxins:
      • Are produced by bacteria
      • Can cause disease
      • Examples: diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin

    Bacterial Diseases

    • Typhoid fever:
      • Is caused by Salmonella typhi
      • Is transmitted through contaminated water and food
      • Can be diagnosed with the Widal test
    • Diphtheria:
      • Is caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae
      • Is transmitted through respiratory droplets
      • Can be diagnosed with the Elek test
    • Tuberculosis:
      • Is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      • Is transmitted through respiratory droplets
      • Can be diagnosed with the tuberculin test
    • Cholera:
      • Is caused by Vibrio cholerae
      • Is transmitted through contaminated water and food
      • Can be diagnosed with the cholera toxin test
    • Anthrax:
      • Is caused by Bacillus anthracis
      • Is transmitted through contact with contaminated animals or their products
      • Can be diagnosed with the culture of the bacterium

    Virulence Factors

    • Capsule:
      • Is a polysaccharide structure
      • Is a virulence factor
      • Examples: Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae
    • Pilus:
      • Is a protein structure
      • Is involved in adherence
      • Examples: E. coli, Neisseria gonorrhoeae
    • Endotoxin:
      • Is a lipopolysaccharide structure
      • Is a virulence factor
      • Examples: Gram-negative bacteria
    • Exotoxin:
      • Is a protein structure
      • Is a virulence factor
      • Examples: diphtheria toxin, cholera toxin

    Bacterial Classification

    • Enterobacteriaceae:
      • Includes E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella
      • Are Gram-negative
      • Are commonly found in the gut
    • Staphylococcaceae:
      • Includes Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis
      • Are Gram-positive
      • Are commonly found on the skin
    • Streptococcaceae:
      • Includes Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae
      • Are Gram-positive
      • Are commonly found in the respiratory tract
    • Mycobacteriaceae:
      • Includes Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Mycobacterium bovis
      • Are Gram-positive
      • Are commonly found in the respiratory tract

    Bacterial Vaccines

    • BCG vaccine:
      • Is used to prevent tuberculosis
      • Is composed of attenuated Mycobacterium bovis
      • Is administered immediately after birth
    • Diphtheria vaccine:
      • Is used to prevent diphtheria
      • Is composed of inactivated Corynebacterium diphtheriae
      • Is administered in childhood
    • Typhoid vaccine:
      • Is used to prevent typhoid fever
      • Is composed of inactivated Salmonella typhi
      • Is administered in childhood
    • Anthrax vaccine:
      • Is used to prevent anthrax
      • Is composed of inactivated Bacillus anthracis
      • Is administered in high-risk individuals### Chlamydia
    • Elementary bodies and reticulate bodies of chlamydia do not differ in RNA/DNA ratio, size, structure of the main protein of the cell membrane, or infectivity for the host cell.
    • Chlamydiae are obligate intracellular parasites.
    • They do not possess either DNA or RNA, but rather both nucleic acids together.

    Mycoplasmas

    • Mycoplasmas differ from other bacteria in that they do not have cell walls.
    • They are part of the normal flora of the urogenital tract.

    Tetanus

    • Tetanus toxin causes spastic paralysis of skeletal muscles.
    • Neonatal tetanus occurs if the mother is not properly protected against tetanus.
    • A typical tetanus-prone wound is a puncture wound.
    • Tetanus toxin is a neurotoxin.

    Bacillus anthracis

    • Bacillus anthracis is a sporogenic bacterium of spherical shape.
    • It is a nonmotile bacterium.
    • Neisser staining of Bacillus anthracis can reveal metachromatic granules.
    • Anthrax can be transmitted through vectors, from domestic animals, or from wild animals.

    Diphtheria

    • Diphtheroids can cause sepsis.
    • The vaccine against diphtheria is an anatoxin.
    • The pathogenesis of diphtheria involves the production of exotoxin, which inhibits protein synthesis.

    Intestinal Bacteria

    • Virulence factors of intestinal bacteria include capsules, endotoxin (lipid A), and adhesins.
    • The normal bacterial flora of the digestive tract includes E. coli, Enterobacter sp., and Proteus sp.
    • The normal bacterial flora of the urogenital tract includes E. coli, Enterobacter sp., and Proteus sp.

    Botulism

    • Botulism is caused by Clostridium botulinum.
    • Prevention of botulism is carried out by thermal processing of food and administration of hyperimmune gamma globulin.
    • Clostridium botulinum produces a powerful neurotoxin.

    Pneumococcal Capsule

    • The pneumococcal capsule contributes to virulence by reducing the efficiency of phagocytosis.

    Meningococci

    • Meningococcal carriage refers to the presence of N. meningitidis on the mucous membrane of the nasopharynx.
    • Meningococci and gonococci can be differentiated in a direct Gram stain preparation.

    Mycobacteria

    • Mycobacteria are acid-alcohol resistant and have a slow growth rate.
    • They are stained with special staining using Ziehl-Neelsen stain.
    • Mycobacteria are cultured on Lowenstein-Jensen medium.
    • Tuberculin-positive individuals are resistant to tuberculosis infection.

    Helicobacter pylori

    • Helicobacter pylori plays a role in the development of gastritis and duodenal ulcers.
    • It is a common cause of diarrhea.

    Rickettsiae

    • Rickettsiae are Gram-negative bacteria.
    • They are transmitted through vectors, such as ticks, mites, or human body lice.

    Epidemic Typhus

    • Epidemic typhus is transmitted through human body lice.
    • Rickettsiae are the causative agents of epidemic typhus.

    Botulinum Toxin

    • Botulinum toxin is a neurotoxin that inhibits the release of acetylcholine.

    Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae

    • Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae is transmitted to humans from domestic animals.

    Coagulase

    • Coagulase is a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus.

    Penicillinase

    • Penicillinase is a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus.

    Enterotoxin

    • Enterotoxin is a virulence factor of Staphylococcus aureus.

    Collagenase

    • Collagenase is a virulence factor of Clostridium perfringens.

    Streptococci

    • Streptococci are catalase-negative cocci.
    • Group B streptococci (Streptococcus agalactiae) have a polysaccharide antigen in the cell wall that antigenically differs from the polysaccharide of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (Streptococcus pyogenes).

    Salmonellae

    • Salmonellae are divided into more than 2000 serotypes based on group O and type H antigens.
    • Gastroenteritis caused by salmonellae is transmitted by contaminated food, water, or infected animal products.

    Shigellae

    • Shigellae move through enterocytes using a "comet tail" mechanism.
    • Shigellae cause bacillary dysentery.
    • The infectious dose of Shigellae is less than 200 bacteria.

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    Multiple choice questions about viruses, their classification, and purification methods. Covers topics such as enveloped viruses, capsid symmetry, and nucleic acid characteristics.

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