HIV-1 and HIV-2 Comparison Quiz
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the structural homology percentage of HIV-2 with HIV-1?

  • 30%
  • 50%
  • 40% (correct)
  • 60%

Which of the following conditions is not typically associated with HIV infection?

  • Cerebral toxoplasmosis
  • Asthma (correct)
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia
  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Which enzyme is characteristic of retroviruses like HIV?

  • RNA polymerase
  • DNA polymerase
  • Protease
  • Reverse transcriptase (correct)

What is a key characteristic of reverse transcription in retroviruses?

<p>It is an error-prone process. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the progression of HIV-2 compare to HIV-1?

<p>HIV-2 progresses more slowly than HIV-1. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What tests should be performed to diagnose causes of genital ulcers?

<p>Ulcer swab for HSV and TP PCR (A), Ulcer swab for C.trachomatis NAAT and genotyping for LGV (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should multiple-dose regimens be used in HIV patients?

<p>To avoid treatment failures associated with single-dose therapy (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for sexual abstinence following ulcers treatment?

<p>At least 7 days (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a 'probable diagnosis' in a patient?

<p>The patient shows clinical symptoms with no evidence of syphilis or HSV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with sexual partners of infected patients?

<p>They should receive treatment regardless of symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What additional tests should be conducted apart from genital ulcer swabs?

<p>NAAT for N.gonorrhoeae and C.trachomatis on FVU (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is serology for syphilis repeated after a 3-month window period?

<p>To confirm the initial diagnosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission for pubic lice?

<p>Close bodily contact (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the '90-90-90' targets established by UNAIDS?

<p>90% of people living with HIV know their status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom of pubic lice infestation?

<p>Itching due to hypersensitivity to bites (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which region has the HIV infection rate continued to rise since 2001?

<p>Eastern Europe (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for applying permethrin 1% when treating pubic lice?

<p>10 minutes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is the pubic louse?

<p>Insect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic method for identifying pubic lice?

<p>Visual inspection of the hair (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

For how long should malathion 0.5% be left on during treatment for pubic lice?

<p>12 hours (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most affected by HIV in terms of disability-adjusted life-years?

<p>Individuals aged 30–45 years (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals diagnosed with HIV were on treatment?

<p>98% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group accounts for over half of the new HIV diagnoses reported in the UK?

<p>Men who have sex with men (MSM) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most common cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality in the UK?

<p>Late diagnosis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has contributed to the decline in new HIV infection rates?

<p>Increased and repeat testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of HIV is most frequently occurring globally?

<p>HIV-1 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What age group represents more than one in three individuals currently living with HIV?

<p>50 years and over (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What has male circumcision been shown to reduce in relation to HIV?

<p>Transmission and acquisition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which region is experiencing a high incidence of HIV driven by heterosexual intercourse?

<p>Central and sub-Saharan Africa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transmission refers to HIV passing from a mother to child?

<p>Vertical transmission (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for HIV-positive individuals with a consistently low viral load?

<p>Can't transmit HIV to sexual partners (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant route of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa?

<p>Heterosexual sexual intercourse (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which country is the highest prevalence of HIV found?

<p>Swaziland (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global population lives with HIV?

<p>6.2% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that influences the risk of HIV transmission?

<p>HIV viral load (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which gender has a higher average prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa?

<p>Young women (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the ‘90-90-90’ goal refer to?

<p>Testing, treatment, and prevention of HIV (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of new HIV infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa?

<p>43% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does coexistent STIs have on HIV transmission?

<p>Enhance transmission risk (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor is mentioned as impeding access to HIV services?

<p>Stigma and discrimination (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about new HIV diagnoses in the UK since 2015 is correct?

<p>There has been a steady decline. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Genital Ulcer Diagnosis

A probable diagnosis of a genital ulcer can be made based on clinical presentation, even without confirming syphilis or HSV, but further testing is crucial to rule out other causes.

Genital Ulcer Testing

Testing for genital ulcers includes swabs for HSV and TP PCR, C. trachomatis NAAT (with genotyping for LGV if positive), syphilis serology, and NAAT for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis on FVU or VVS.

Ceftriaxone vs. Azithromycin

For treatment of genital ulcers, single-dose regimens include ceftriaxone 250 mg i.m. or azithromycin 1 g orally.

Multiple-Dose Regimens

Multiple-dose regimens for genital ulcers include ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 3 days or erythromycin 500 mg four times daily for 7 days. These regimens are preferred for HIV patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Follow-up After Treatment

Patients should abstain from sexual activity for at least 7 days after treatment and be followed up at 3-7 days to monitor healing. Sexual partners should also be notified, examined, and tested.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV-Infected Patients

HIV-infected patients should be monitored closely for healing, as it may be slower. Multiple-dose regimens are preferred for them due to potential treatment failures with single-dose regimens.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pubic Lice

Tiny insects that attach to pubic and body hair, causing itching due to bites.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pediculosis Pubis

The medical term for pubic lice infestation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

How are pubic lice spread?

Pubic lice are spread through close physical contact, especially during sexual activity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Pubic Lice Symptoms

Most common symptom is intense itching, but some people might not experience any symptoms.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Identifying Pubic Lice

Look for small, gray-brown insects attached to hair, or small white eggs (nits) at the base of hair.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Treating Pubic Lice

Use special shampoos like permethrin or malathion, apply to all body hair, and repeat after a week.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV/AIDS Impact

HIV/AIDS is a major global health threat, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, causing significant illness and death.

Signup and view all the flashcards

90-90-90 Targets

Global goals to address HIV/AIDS by 2030, aiming for 90% of people with HIV to know their status, receive treatment, and achieve viral suppression.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sub-Saharan Africa & HIV

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected by the HIV epidemic, with high rates of infection and serious health consequences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV-2 vs HIV-1

HIV-2 shares only 40% structural similarity with HIV-1, progresses more slowly, and is less responsive to HIV-1 treatments.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reverse Transcriptase

An enzyme unique to retroviruses that allows them to convert their RNA into DNA, which then integrates into the host's genome.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Error-Prone Replication

Reverse transcription is prone to errors, leading to mutations in the viral genome, making HIV difficult to target with drugs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV-associated Indicator Conditions

Symptoms or diseases that indicate the presence of HIV infection, often associated with the weakening of the immune system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Indolent Course

HIV-2 infection progresses at a slower pace than HIV-1, with a longer period between infection and the development of AIDS.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Prevalence in Sub-Saharan Africa

The percentage of adults aged 15-49 living with HIV is significantly higher in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions. Swaziland has the highest prevalence at 27.2%.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Transmission Route: Heterosexual Intercourse

The primary means of HIV transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa is through heterosexual sexual contact.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Prevalence: Women vs Men

Young women in Sub-Saharan Africa are nearly twice as likely to be infected with HIV compared to men, with a prevalence of 3.2% versus 1.6%.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Viral Load: Transmission Risk

The amount of HIV in a person's blood (viral load) is a key factor in transmission risk. Higher viral loads, especially during acute infection, increase the chances of spreading HIV.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Stigma and Access to Services

Obstacles like stigma, discrimination, gender-based violence, and legal challenges can prevent people from accessing HIV services, increasing transmission risk.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Transmission: Sexual Intercourse

The majority of HIV infections worldwide occur through sexual contact, particularly vaginal and anal intercourse.

Signup and view all the flashcards

STIs and HIV Transmission

The presence of other sexually transmitted infections, especially those causing genital ulcers, can significantly increase the risk of HIV transmission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

'90-90-90' Goals

These targets aim to have 90% of people living with HIV diagnosed, 90% of diagnosed people on treatment, and 90% of people on treatment virally suppressed.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antiretroviral Agents (ARVs)

ARVs are medications that help control HIV infection by reducing the amount of virus in the blood. They are crucial in managing HIV and improving quality of life.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Prevalence Rising in High-Income Countries

Despite a decline in new diagnoses, the overall number of people living with HIV in high-income countries is rising due to falling death rates and continued new infections.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV Transmission

HIV primarily spreads through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. It can be transmitted during sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Viral Load

Viral load refers to the amount of HIV in a person's blood. It's an important measure of how active the virus is in the body.

Signup and view all the flashcards

ART (Antiretroviral Therapy)

ART is a combination of medications that help control HIV infection by suppressing viral replication. Effective ART can reduce viral load to undetectable levels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Undetectable Viral Load

When viral load is undetectable, it means the amount of HIV in the blood is so low that standard tests can't detect it. People with undetectable viral load cannot transmit HIV to their sexual partners.

Signup and view all the flashcards

PrEP (Pre-exposure Prophylaxis)

PrEP is a medication taken daily by people who are HIV-negative but at high risk of infection. It helps prevent HIV acquisition.

Signup and view all the flashcards

MSM (Men who have sex with men)

MSM is a term used to describe men who have sex with other men. It's an important demographic group in the context of HIV transmission.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Late HIV Diagnosis

Late diagnosis of HIV occurs when people are diagnosed at a later stage of the infection, often with a weakened immune system. This can lead to increased risk of complications and mortality.

Signup and view all the flashcards

HIV-Related Morbidity

HIV-related morbidity refers to the illnesses or complications that can arise due to HIV infection, weakening the immune system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Vertical Transmission

Vertical transmission refers to the transmission of HIV from a mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS

  • Globally, over 78 million people have been infected with HIV since 1981, and 39 million have died.
  • Currently, approximately 36.9 million people worldwide live with HIV, representing 0.8% of adults aged 15-49 years.
  • Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced mortality, transforming HIV from a fatal infection to a manageable chronic disease.
  • New global infections have fallen by 38% since 2001, but infection rates continue to rise in Eastern Europe and parts of Central Asia.
  • HIV is a leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years for people aged 30-45 years and a leading cause of death for women aged 15-49 years.
  • In 2014, UNAIDS established the "90-90-90" targets to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030: 90% of people living with HIV know their status, 90% of those diagnosed receive sustained ART, and 90% of people on ART achieve viral suppression.

HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa

  • Sub-Saharan Africa is the most heavily affected region, with 43% of new HIV infections occurring there each year.
  • Swaziland has the world's highest prevalence, with 27.2% of adults aged 15-49 infected.
  • HIV infection is almost twice as common in young women (average prevalence 3.2%) than in men (1.6%).
  • Heterosexual sexual intercourse is the dominant route of transmission in the region.

HIV in High-Income Countries

  • While new diagnoses are falling in high-income countries like the UK, prevalence is rising.
  • In 2017, an estimated 101,600 people in the UK lived with HIV, 92% of whom had been diagnosed and were undergoing treatment, with 97% of them achieving viral suppression.
  • Late diagnosis (CD4 count <350 cells/mL within 3 months of diagnosis) remains a significant issue, particularly in populations with high HIV prevalence.

Routes of HIV Acquisition

  • HIV can be found in various bodily fluids and tissues, but most infections result from sexual contact (vaginal and anal) through semen, cervical secretions, or blood.
  • HIV viral load is a significant factor in transmission risk, highest in acute infection, and reduced by effective ART. Other factors contributing to risk include stigma, discrimination, gender-based violence and legal restrictions.
  • Heterosexual intercourse globally accounts for most infections, with coexisting STIs increasing transmission.
  • Male-to-female transmission is generally more efficient than female-to-male.
  • Male circumcision has been shown to reduce both HIV acquisition and transmission.
  • Transmission from men who have sex with men makes up over half of new diagnoses in the UK.

Vertical Transmission (Mother-to-Child)

  • Vertical transmission is the primary form of HIV transmission in children.
  • Without intervention, 15% of babies born to HIV-positive mothers may become infected; rates of up to 40% are possible in other locales.
  • Risk factors include advanced maternal infection stage, higher maternal viral load, prolonged or premature rupture of membranes, and chorioamnionitis.
  • Effective ART in mothers greatly reduces transmission risk, significantly limiting transmission via breastfeeding.

Contaminated Needles/Blood Products

  • Sharing needles for intravenous drug use is a major transmission route in certain regions.
  • Blood and blood products screening since 1985 has largely eliminated transmission via transfusions.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

HIV Epidemiology and Pathogenesis PDF

Description

Test your knowledge about the structural and clinical aspects of HIV-1 and HIV-2. This quiz covers various topics, including transmission, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for HIV infections. Prepare to challenge your understanding of retroviruses and their implications in public health.

More Like This

HIV/AIDS Quiz
9 questions

HIV/AIDS Quiz

Quizgecko avatar
Quizgecko
HIV and AIDS CNAZONE Flashcards
10 questions

HIV and AIDS CNAZONE Flashcards

FairDaffodil avatar
FairDaffodil
HIV Drug Classes Flashcards
12 questions

HIV Drug Classes Flashcards

EnthralledSaxhorn avatar
EnthralledSaxhorn
HIV and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Quiz
64 questions

HIV and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis Quiz

BestSellingBowenite7551 avatar
BestSellingBowenite7551
Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser