HIV-1 and HIV-2 Comparison Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is the structural homology percentage of HIV-2 with HIV-1?

30%

50%

40% (correct)

60%

Which of the following conditions is not typically associated with HIV infection?

Cerebral toxoplasmosis

Asthma (correct)

Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

Which enzyme is characteristic of retroviruses like HIV?

RNA polymerase

DNA polymerase

Protease

Reverse transcriptase (correct)

What is a key characteristic of reverse transcription in retroviruses?

It is an error-prone process. Signup and view all the answers

How does the progression of HIV-2 compare to HIV-1?

HIV-2 progresses more slowly than HIV-1. Signup and view all the answers

What tests should be performed to diagnose causes of genital ulcers?

Ulcer swab for HSV and TP PCR Signup and view all the answers

Why should multiple-dose regimens be used in HIV patients?

To avoid treatment failures associated with single-dose therapy Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for sexual abstinence following ulcers treatment?

At least 7 days Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by a 'probable diagnosis' in a patient?

The patient shows clinical symptoms with no evidence of syphilis or HSV Signup and view all the answers

What should be done with sexual partners of infected patients?

They should receive treatment regardless of symptoms Signup and view all the answers

What additional tests should be conducted apart from genital ulcer swabs?

NAAT for N.gonorrhoeae and C.trachomatis on FVU Signup and view all the answers

Why is serology for syphilis repeated after a 3-month window period?

To confirm the initial diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method of transmission for pubic lice?

Close bodily contact Signup and view all the answers

What are the '90-90-90' targets established by UNAIDS?

90% of people living with HIV know their status Signup and view all the answers

What is the most common symptom of pubic lice infestation?

Itching due to hypersensitivity to bites Signup and view all the answers

In which region has the HIV infection rate continued to rise since 2001?

Eastern Europe Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended duration for applying permethrin 1% when treating pubic lice?

10 minutes Signup and view all the answers

What type of organism is the pubic louse?

Insect Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic method for identifying pubic lice?

Visual inspection of the hair Signup and view all the answers

For how long should malathion 0.5% be left on during treatment for pubic lice?

12 hours Signup and view all the answers

Which group is most affected by HIV in terms of disability-adjusted life-years?

Individuals aged 30–45 years Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of individuals diagnosed with HIV were on treatment?

98% Signup and view all the answers

Which group accounts for over half of the new HIV diagnoses reported in the UK?

Men who have sex with men (MSM) Signup and view all the answers

What is considered the most common cause of HIV-related morbidity and mortality in the UK?

Late diagnosis Signup and view all the answers

Which factor has contributed to the decline in new HIV infection rates?

Increased and repeat testing Signup and view all the answers

Which type of HIV is most frequently occurring globally?

HIV-1 Signup and view all the answers

What age group represents more than one in three individuals currently living with HIV?

50 years and over Signup and view all the answers

What has male circumcision been shown to reduce in relation to HIV?

Transmission and acquisition Signup and view all the answers

Which region is experiencing a high incidence of HIV driven by heterosexual intercourse?

Central and sub-Saharan Africa Signup and view all the answers

Which type of transmission refers to HIV passing from a mother to child?

Vertical transmission Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended approach for HIV-positive individuals with a consistently low viral load?

Can't transmit HIV to sexual partners Signup and view all the answers

What is the predominant route of HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa?

Heterosexual sexual intercourse Signup and view all the answers

In which country is the highest prevalence of HIV found?

Swaziland Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of the global population lives with HIV?

6.2% Signup and view all the answers

What is the main factor that influences the risk of HIV transmission?

HIV viral load Signup and view all the answers

Which gender has a higher average prevalence of HIV in sub-Saharan Africa?

Young women Signup and view all the answers

What does the ‘90-90-90’ goal refer to?

Testing, treatment, and prevention of HIV Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of new HIV infections occur in sub-Saharan Africa?

43% Signup and view all the answers

What impact does coexistent STIs have on HIV transmission?

Enhance transmission risk Signup and view all the answers

What factor is mentioned as impeding access to HIV services?

Stigma and discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about new HIV diagnoses in the UK since 2015 is correct?

There has been a steady decline. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Epidemiology of HIV/AIDS

Globally, over 78 million people have been infected with HIV since 1981, and 39 million have died.
Currently, approximately 36.9 million people worldwide live with HIV, representing 0.8% of adults aged 15-49 years.
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) has dramatically reduced mortality, transforming HIV from a fatal infection to a manageable chronic disease.
New global infections have fallen by 38% since 2001, but infection rates continue to rise in Eastern Europe and parts of Central Asia.
HIV is a leading cause of disability-adjusted life-years for people aged 30-45 years and a leading cause of death for women aged 15-49 years.
In 2014, UNAIDS established the "90-90-90" targets to end the AIDS epidemic by 2030: 90% of people living with HIV know their status, 90% of those diagnosed receive sustained ART, and 90% of people on ART achieve viral suppression.

HIV in Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa is the most heavily affected region, with 43% of new HIV infections occurring there each year.
Swaziland has the world's highest prevalence, with 27.2% of adults aged 15-49 infected.
HIV infection is almost twice as common in young women (average prevalence 3.2%) than in men (1.6%).
Heterosexual sexual intercourse is the dominant route of transmission in the region.

HIV in High-Income Countries

While new diagnoses are falling in high-income countries like the UK, prevalence is rising.
In 2017, an estimated 101,600 people in the UK lived with HIV, 92% of whom had been diagnosed and were undergoing treatment, with 97% of them achieving viral suppression.
Late diagnosis (CD4 count <350 cells/mL within 3 months of diagnosis) remains a significant issue, particularly in populations with high HIV prevalence.

Routes of HIV Acquisition

HIV can be found in various bodily fluids and tissues, but most infections result from sexual contact (vaginal and anal) through semen, cervical secretions, or blood.
HIV viral load is a significant factor in transmission risk, highest in acute infection, and reduced by effective ART. Other factors contributing to risk include stigma, discrimination, gender-based violence and legal restrictions.
Heterosexual intercourse globally accounts for most infections, with coexisting STIs increasing transmission.
Male-to-female transmission is generally more efficient than female-to-male.
Male circumcision has been shown to reduce both HIV acquisition and transmission.
Transmission from men who have sex with men makes up over half of new diagnoses in the UK.

Vertical Transmission (Mother-to-Child)

Vertical transmission is the primary form of HIV transmission in children.
Without intervention, 15% of babies born to HIV-positive mothers may become infected; rates of up to 40% are possible in other locales.
Risk factors include advanced maternal infection stage, higher maternal viral load, prolonged or premature rupture of membranes, and chorioamnionitis.
Effective ART in mothers greatly reduces transmission risk, significantly limiting transmission via breastfeeding.

Contaminated Needles/Blood Products

Sharing needles for intravenous drug use is a major transmission route in certain regions.
Blood and blood products screening since 1985 has largely eliminated transmission via transfusions.

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Description

Test your knowledge about the structural and clinical aspects of HIV-1 and HIV-2. This quiz covers various topics, including transmission, diagnosis, and treatment strategies for HIV infections. Prepare to challenge your understanding of retroviruses and their implications in public health.