HIV-1 and HIV-2 Comparison Quiz

A probable diagnosis of a genital ulcer can be made based on clinical presentation, even without confirming syphilis or HSV, but further testing is crucial to rule out other causes.

Testing for genital ulcers includes swabs for HSV and TP PCR, C. trachomatis NAAT (with genotyping for LGV if positive), syphilis serology, and NAAT for N. gonorrhoeae and C. trachomatis on FVU or VVS.

For treatment of genital ulcers, single-dose regimens include ceftriaxone 250 mg i.m. or azithromycin 1 g orally.

Multiple-dose regimens for genital ulcers include ciprofloxacin 500 mg twice daily for 3 days or erythromycin 500 mg four times daily for 7 days. These regimens are preferred for HIV patients.

Patients should abstain from sexual activity for at least 7 days after treatment and be followed up at 3-7 days to monitor healing. Sexual partners should also be notified, examined, and tested.

HIV-infected patients should be monitored closely for healing, as it may be slower. Multiple-dose regimens are preferred for them due to potential treatment failures with single-dose regimens.

Tiny insects that attach to pubic and body hair, causing itching due to bites.

The medical term for pubic lice infestation.

Pubic lice are spread through close physical contact, especially during sexual activity.

Most common symptom is intense itching, but some people might not experience any symptoms.

Look for small, gray-brown insects attached to hair, or small white eggs (nits) at the base of hair.

Use special shampoos like permethrin or malathion, apply to all body hair, and repeat after a week.

HIV/AIDS is a major global health threat, especially in sub-Saharan Africa, causing significant illness and death.

Global goals to address HIV/AIDS by 2030, aiming for 90% of people with HIV to know their status, receive treatment, and achieve viral suppression.

Sub-Saharan Africa is the region most affected by the HIV epidemic, with high rates of infection and serious health consequences.

HIV-2 shares only 40% structural similarity with HIV-1, progresses more slowly, and is less responsive to HIV-1 treatments.

An enzyme unique to retroviruses that allows them to convert their RNA into DNA, which then integrates into the host's genome.

Reverse transcription is prone to errors, leading to mutations in the viral genome, making HIV difficult to target with drugs.

Symptoms or diseases that indicate the presence of HIV infection, often associated with the weakening of the immune system.

HIV-2 infection progresses at a slower pace than HIV-1, with a longer period between infection and the development of AIDS.

The percentage of adults aged 15-49 living with HIV is significantly higher in Sub-Saharan Africa compared to other regions. Swaziland has the highest prevalence at 27.2%.

The primary means of HIV transmission in Sub-Saharan Africa is through heterosexual sexual contact.

Young women in Sub-Saharan Africa are nearly twice as likely to be infected with HIV compared to men, with a prevalence of 3.2% versus 1.6%.

The amount of HIV in a person's blood (viral load) is a key factor in transmission risk. Higher viral loads, especially during acute infection, increase the chances of spreading HIV.

Obstacles like stigma, discrimination, gender-based violence, and legal challenges can prevent people from accessing HIV services, increasing transmission risk.

The majority of HIV infections worldwide occur through sexual contact, particularly vaginal and anal intercourse.

The presence of other sexually transmitted infections, especially those causing genital ulcers, can significantly increase the risk of HIV transmission.

These targets aim to have 90% of people living with HIV diagnosed, 90% of diagnosed people on treatment, and 90% of people on treatment virally suppressed.

ARVs are medications that help control HIV infection by reducing the amount of virus in the blood. They are crucial in managing HIV and improving quality of life.

Despite a decline in new diagnoses, the overall number of people living with HIV in high-income countries is rising due to falling death rates and continued new infections.

HIV primarily spreads through bodily fluids like blood, semen, vaginal fluids, and breast milk. It can be transmitted during sexual contact, sharing needles, or from mother to child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.

Viral load refers to the amount of HIV in a person's blood. It's an important measure of how active the virus is in the body.

ART is a combination of medications that help control HIV infection by suppressing viral replication. Effective ART can reduce viral load to undetectable levels.

When viral load is undetectable, it means the amount of HIV in the blood is so low that standard tests can't detect it. People with undetectable viral load cannot transmit HIV to their sexual partners.

PrEP is a medication taken daily by people who are HIV-negative but at high risk of infection. It helps prevent HIV acquisition.

MSM is a term used to describe men who have sex with other men. It's an important demographic group in the context of HIV transmission.

Late diagnosis of HIV occurs when people are diagnosed at a later stage of the infection, often with a weakened immune system. This can lead to increased risk of complications and mortality.

HIV-related morbidity refers to the illnesses or complications that can arise due to HIV infection, weakening the immune system.

Vertical transmission refers to the transmission of HIV from a mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding.