PART 3 : Immunity and Tumor escaping mechanisms (1)
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Questions and Answers

What ancient practice in China involved injecting dry smallpox pustules to induce a mild infection?

  • Vaccination
  • Inoculation
  • Germ therapy
  • Variolation (correct)

    • Who is credited with starting the first vaccination campaigns against smallpox in 1798?

  • Louis Pasteur
  • Paul Ehrlich
  • Edward Jenner (correct)
  • Robert Koch

    • What did Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory propose?

  • Diseases are inherited genetically.
  • Diseases are caused by microscopic organisms. (correct)
  • Diseases are a punishment from the gods.
  • Diseases are caused by imbalances in bodily fluids.

    • What was William Coley's hypothesis based on his observations?

    <p>Inoculating patients with bacteria could shrink tumors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory was proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1908?

    <p>Immunosurveillance theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which experiment supported the idea that immune cells can distinguish tumor cells from normal cells?

    <p>Thomas and Burnet's syngeneic mouse model (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major criticism of the immunosurveillance theory?

    <p>It lacked experimental evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the immune system's role in cancer is TRUE?

    <p>The immune system can both prevent and support tumor growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Coley's toxins contribute to cancer treatment?

    <p>They used bacterial infections to stimulate the immune system. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of modern therapy inspired by Coley's work?

    <p>Onco-BCG (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response involves T cells and B cells?

    <p>Adaptive immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do T cells recognize antigens?

    <p>By recognizing antigen-MHC complexes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens if a T cell recognizes a self-antigen in the thymus?

    <p>It is eliminated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which immune cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis in the innate immune system?

    <p>Neutrophils and macrophages (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?

    <p>Suppress other immune cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule is crucial for antigen presentation on cells?

    <p>MHC-I (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of immunity provides a rapid, non-specific response to infection?

    <p>Innate immunity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of B cells in the immune response?

    <p>Produce antibodies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a cytokine storm?

    <p>Excessive and damaging inflammation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of immune response is most associated with autoimmune diseases?

    <p>Adaptive immune response (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first phase of the immunoediting process?

    <p>Elimination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the elimination phase, what do immune cells primarily release to kill tumor cells?

    <p>IFN-y (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the equilibrium phase of tumor evolution?

    <p>Tumor cells and immune cells in a dynamic balance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is closely linked to the equilibrium phase?

    <p>Darwinian micro-evolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What leads to the escape phase in the immunoediting process?

    <p>Tumor cells gaining the ability to suppress the immune system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long can the equilibrium phase last?

    <p>Up to 20 years or more (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the critical rupture point in tumor progression?

    <p>When tumor cells can actively suppress immune responses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase is associated with clinically detectable tumors?

    <p>Escape (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a neo-antigen?

    <p>A mutated protein unique to cancer cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the immune system act during the equilibrium phase?

    <p>It continuously attacks but cannot eliminate the tumor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the equilibrium phase in immunoediting?

    <p>Balance between immune response and tumor survival (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the escape phase, tumor cells gain the ability to:

    <p>Suppress the immune system. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What drives Darwinian micro-evolution in tumors during the equilibrium phase?

    <p>Selective pressure from immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of immunoediting is typically the longest?

    <p>Equilibrium (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What initiates the elimination phase in the immunoediting process?

    <p>Interferon-gamma release (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what point does a tumor become clinically detectable?

    <p>After the escape phase (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What immune cells are primarily involved in the elimination phase?

    <p>T cells and NK cells (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase involves silent tumor presence without clinical signs?

    <p>Equilibrium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs)?

    <p>Create a protective collagen barrier around tumors (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumors evade T-cell recognition?

    <p>Downregulating MHC-I (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which molecule promotes angiogenesis in tumors?

    <p>VEGF (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumors utilize VEGF to evade the immune system?

    <p>By reducing endothelial adhesion molecules (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which mechanism allows tumors to induce immune cell apoptosis at a distance?

    <p>Upregulation of FasL (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tumors interfere with immune cell navigation?

    <p>Producing antagonistic ligands for CXCR3 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does IL-10 have in the tumor microenvironment?

    <p>Suppresses T-cell function (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of CXCL12 in immune evasion?

    <p>Repels immune cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which receptor is downregulated in tumors to resist apoptosis?

    <p>Fas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of cytokine is IL-10?

    <p>Anti-inflammatory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary metabolic feature of tumor cells known as the Warburg Effect?

    <p>Preferential use of glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Ancient Vaccination Practices

    • Variolation, an ancient Chinese practice, involved injecting dried smallpox pustules to induce a mild infection.
    • This practice aimed to create immunity from smallpox.

    Vaccination Campaigns

    • Edward Jenner is credited with starting the first vaccination campaigns against smallpox in 1798.

    Germ Theory

    • Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory proposed that diseases are caused by microscopic organisms.

    William Coley's Hypothesis

    • William Coley's hypothesis suggested that inoculating patients with bacteria could shrink tumors.

    Paul Ehrlich's Theory

    • Paul Ehrlich proposed the Immunosurveillance theory in 1908.

    Immune Cell Differentiation

    • Thomas and Burnet's experiments with syngeneic mouse models supported the concept that immune cells can distinguish tumor cells from normal cells.

    Immunosurveillance Theory Criticisms

    • A major criticism of the immunosurveillance theory was the lack of experimental evidence.

    Immune System's Role in Cancer

    • Immunodeficient individuals tend to develop more cancers.

    Coley's Toxins in Cancer Treatment

    • Coley's toxins, derived from bacteria, were used in attempts to stimulate the immune system's anticancer response.
    • This treatment was an early attempt to apply immunological principles to cancer therapy.

    Modern Cancer Therapies Inspired by Coley

    • Onco-BCG is an example of modern cancer therapy that draws inspiration from Coley's work.

    Adaptive Immune Response

    • This involves both T cells and B cells.

    T-Cell Antigen Recognition

    • T cells recognize antigens through antigen-MHC complexes.

    T-Cell Self-Reactivity

    • T cells that recognize self-antigens in the thymus are eliminated to prevent autoimmune responses.

    Phagocytosis in the Innate Immune System

    • Neutrophils and macrophages are primarily responsible for phagocytosis (engulfing and digesting foreign matter) within the innate immune system.

    Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)

    • Regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a crucial role in suppressing other immune cells, reducing inflammation, and maintaining immune tolerance.

    Antigen Presentation

    • MHC molecules are critical for antigen presentation on cells.

    Innate Immunity

    • This is a rapid, non-specific response to infection.

    B-Cell Role in the Immune Response

    • B cells produce antibodies.

    Cytokine Storm

    • A cytokine storm is characterized by excessive and damaging inflammation.

    Autoimmune Responses

    • Autoimmune responses are associated with adaptive immune responses.

    Immunoediting Process Phases

    • The immunoediting process has three main phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

    Equilibrium Phase

    • In the equilibrium phase, tumor cells and immune cells exist in a dynamic balance, allowing some tumor growth, characterized by a a balance between immune response and tumor survival. Neo-antigens are mutated proteins unique to cancer cells, which can be targets for immune responses.

    Neo-Antibodies

    • Neo-antigens are mutated proteins unique to cancer cells, which can be targets for immune responses.

    Equilibrium Phase Characteristics

    • The equilibrium phase is typically the longest phase of the immunoediting process and often lasts up to 20 years or more.

    Warburg Effect

    • The Warburg effect describes the metabolic feature of tumor cells, where they utilize glycolysis even in the presence of oxygen.

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    Related Documents

    Immunology Past Paper PDF
    Tumor Microenvironment (TME) Questions and Answers PDF

    Description

    Explore the evolution of vaccination methods from ancient variolation to modern theories. This quiz covers key figures like Edward Jenner and breakthroughs in germ theory. Test your knowledge on how these historical practices have shaped immunology.

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