Immunology Past Paper PDF

**1. What ancient practice in China involved injecting dry smallpox pustules to induce a mild infection?**\ a. Vaccination\ b. Variolation\ c. Inoculation\ d. Germ therapy\ **Answer:** b **2. Who is credited with starting the first vaccination campaigns against smallpox in 1798?**\ a. Louis Pasteur...

**1. What ancient practice in China involved injecting dry smallpox pustules to induce a mild infection?**\ a. Vaccination\ b. Variolation\ c. Inoculation\ d. Germ therapy\ **Answer:** b **2. Who is credited with starting the first vaccination campaigns against smallpox in 1798?**\ a. Louis Pasteur\ b. Paul Ehrlich\ c. Edward Jenner\ d. Robert Koch\ **Answer:** c **3. What did Louis Pasteur's Germ Theory propose?**\ a. Diseases are caused by imbalances in bodily fluids.\ b. Diseases are caused by microscopic organisms.\ c. Diseases are a punishment from the gods.\ d. Diseases are inherited genetically.\ **Answer:** b **4. What was William Coley's hypothesis based on his observations?**\ a. Radiation can cure cancer.\ b. Surgical removal is the best option for cancer.\ c. Inoculating patients with bacteria could shrink tumors.\ d. Chemotherapy is necessary for cancer treatment.\ **Answer:** c **5. Which theory was proposed by Paul Ehrlich in 1908?**\ a. Germ theory\ b. Immunoediting theory\ c. Immunosurveillance theory\ d. Adaptive immunity theory\ **Answer:** c **6. Which experiment supported the idea that immune cells can distinguish tumor cells from normal cells?**\ a. Jenner's vaccination experiments\ b. Ehrlich's antibody research\ c. Thomas and Burnet's syngeneic mouse model\ d. Pasteur's chicken cholera experiments\ **Answer:** c **7. What was a major criticism of the immunosurveillance theory?**\ a. It lacked experimental evidence.\ b. It was too focused on bacteria.\ c. It did not explain how vaccines work.\ d. It contradicted Pasteur's findings.\ **Answer:** a **8. Which statement about the immune system's role in cancer is TRUE?**\ a. Immunodeficient individuals develop fewer cancers.\ b. The immune system always prevents cancer.\ c. The immune system can both prevent and support tumor growth.\ d. Tumors never evolve to evade the immune system.\ **Answer:** c **9. How did Coley's toxins contribute to cancer treatment?**\ a. They targeted cancer cells directly.\ b. They used bacterial infections to stimulate the immune system.\ c. They provided chemotherapy agents.\ d. They blocked angiogenesis in tumors.\ **Answer:** b **10. What is an example of modern therapy inspired by Coley's work?**\ a. CAR T-cell therapy\ b. Radiation therapy\ c. Onco-BCG\ d. Gene therapy\ **Answer:** c **11. What type of immune response involves T cells and B cells?**\ a. Innate immune response\ b. Adaptive immune response\ c. Passive immune response\ d. Mechanical immune response\ **Answer:** b **12. How do T cells recognize antigens?**\ a. Through direct binding to pathogens.\ b. By recognizing antigen-MHC complexes.\ c. By detecting free-floating antibodies.\ d. Through complement activation.\ **Answer:** b **13. What happens if a T cell recognizes a self-antigen in the thymus?**\ a. It becomes a memory cell.\ b. It undergoes clonal expansion.\ c. It is eliminated.\ d. It differentiates into a B cell.\ **Answer:** c **14. Which immune cells are primarily responsible for phagocytosis in the innate immune system?**\ a. B cells\ b. T cells\ c. Neutrophils and macrophages\ d. Natural killer cells\ **Answer:** c **15. What is a major function of regulatory T cells (Tregs)?**\ a. Promote inflammation.\ b. Destroy infected cells.\ c. Suppress other immune cells.\ d. Stimulate antibody production.\ **Answer:** c **16. Which molecule is crucial for antigen presentation on cells?**\ a. TCR\ b. BCR\ c. MHC-I\ d. Cytokine receptors\ **Answer:** c **17. Which type of immunity provides a rapid, non-specific response to infection?**\ a. Adaptive immunity\ b. Humoral immunity\ c. Innate immunity\ d. Cellular immunity\ **Answer:** c **18. What is the primary role of B cells in the immune response?**\ a. Directly kill infected cells.\ b. Produce antibodies.\ c. Present antigens to macrophages.\ d. Release histamines.\ **Answer:** b **19. What is the consequence of a cytokine storm?**\ a. Mild allergic reaction.\ b. Controlled immune response.\ c. Excessive and damaging inflammation.\ d. Decreased immune activity.\ **Answer:** c **20. What type of immune response is most associated with autoimmune diseases?**\ a. Innate immune response\ b. Adaptive immune response\ c. Passive immune response\ d. Barrier immunity\ **Answer:** b **21. What is the first phase of the immunoediting process?**\ a. Escape\ b. Equilibrium\ c. Elimination\ d. Activation\ **Answer:** c **22. During the elimination phase, what do immune cells primarily release to kill tumor cells?**\ a. Histamines\ b. IFN-γ\ c. Antibodies\ d. Glucose\ **Answer:** b **23. What characterizes the equilibrium phase of tumor evolution?**\ a. Complete tumor eradication.\ b. Tumor cells and immune cells in a dynamic balance.\ c. Rapid tumor growth.\ d. Immune cells completely ignoring the tumor.\ **Answer:** b **24. Which concept is closely linked to the equilibrium phase?**\ a. Metastasis\ b. Darwinian micro-evolution\ c. Angiogenesis\ d. Immunodeficiency\ **Answer:** b **25. What leads to the escape phase in the immunoediting process?**\ a. Increased immune cell activity.\ b. Tumor cells gaining the ability to suppress the immune system.\ c. Decreased mutation rates in tumor cells.\ d. Loss of blood supply to the tumor.\ **Answer:** b **26. How long can the equilibrium phase last?**\ a. A few days\ b. A few weeks\ c. Up to 20 years or more\ d. Indefinitely\ **Answer:** c **27. What is the critical rupture point in tumor progression?**\ a. When the immune system completely clears the tumor.\ b. When the tumor becomes visible on medical scans.\ c. When tumor cells can actively suppress immune responses.\ d. When the tumor spreads to distant organs.\ **Answer:** c **28. Which phase is associated with clinically detectable tumors?**\ a. Elimination\ b. Equilibrium\ c. Escape\ d. Dormancy\ **Answer:** c **29. What is a neo-antigen?**\ a. A normal body protein.\ b. A mutated protein unique to cancer cells.\ c. An immune checkpoint molecule.\ d. A signaling molecule for T cells.\ **Answer:** b **30. How does the immune system act during the equilibrium phase?**\ a. It ignores the tumor entirely.\ b. It continuously attacks but cannot eliminate the tumor.\ c. It helps tumor cells grow faster.\ d. It initiates apoptosis in surrounding healthy cells.\ **Answer:** b **31. What characterizes the equilibrium phase in immunoediting?**\ a. Rapid tumor growth\ b. Complete eradication of the tumor\ c. Balance between immune response and tumor survival\ d. Immune system ignoring tumor cells\ **Answer:** c **32. During the escape phase, tumor cells gain the ability to:**\ a. Repair DNA damage.\ b. Suppress the immune system.\ c. Enhance metabolism.\ d. Increase oxygen consumption.\ **Answer:** b **33. What drives Darwinian micro-evolution in tumors during the equilibrium phase?**\ a. Genetic stability\ b. Selective pressure from immune cells\ c. Reduced mutation rates\ d. Decreased metabolic activity\ **Answer:** b **34. What is a neo-antigen?**\ a. A normal cellular protein\ b. A newly formed antigen from mutated tumor proteins\ c. A type of cytokine\ d. A form of antibody\ **Answer:** b **35. Which phase of immunoediting is typically the longest?**\ a. Initiation\ b. Elimination\ c. Equilibrium\ d. Escape\ **Answer:** c **36. What initiates the elimination phase in the immunoediting process?**\ a. Mutation accumulation\ b. TGF-β secretion\ c. Interferon-gamma release\ d. Chemotherapy\ **Answer:** c **37. At what point does a tumor become clinically detectable?**\ a. Initiation phase\ b. During elimination\ c. After the escape phase\ d. During equilibrium\ **Answer:** c **38. What immune cells are primarily involved in the elimination phase?**\ a. Fibroblasts\ b. T cells and NK cells\ c. Erythrocytes\ d. Osteoclasts\ **Answer:** b **39. Which phase involves silent tumor presence without clinical signs?**\ a. Initiation\ b. Elimination\ c. Equilibrium\ d. Escape\ **Answer:** c **Physical Inhibitory Mechanisms (10 Questions)** **40. What is the function of Cancer-Associated Fibroblasts (CAFs)?**\ a. Promote immune cell infiltration\ b. Create a protective collagen barrier around tumors\ c. Induce apoptosis in tumor cells\ d. Increase blood oxygenation\ **Answer:** b **41. How do tumors evade T-cell recognition?**\ a. Upregulating MHC-I\ b. Downregulating MHC-I\ c. Increasing FasL expression\ d. Activating caspases\ **Answer:** b **42. Which molecule promotes angiogenesis in tumors?**\ a. IFN-γ\ b. VEGF\ c. IL-2\ d. TNF-α\ **Answer:** b **43. How do tumors utilize VEGF to evade the immune system?**\ a. By inducing apoptosis in immune cells\ b. By blocking cytokine production\ c. By reducing endothelial adhesion molecules\ d. By enhancing T-cell proliferation\ **Answer:** c **44. Which mechanism allows tumors to induce immune cell apoptosis at a distance?**\ a. Upregulation of FasL\ b. Secretion of IL-10\ c. Production of lactate\ d. Expression of MHC-II\ **Answer:** a **Molecular Inhibitory Mechanisms (10 Questions)** **45. How do tumors interfere with immune cell navigation?**\ a. Producing antagonistic ligands for CXCR3\ b. Increasing IFN-γ production\ c. Enhancing antigen presentation\ d. Reducing TGF-β secretion\ **Answer:** a **46. What effect does IL-10 have in the tumor microenvironment?**\ a. Stimulates T-cell activation\ b. Suppresses T-cell function\ c. Increases neutrophil activity\ d. Promotes angiogenesis\ **Answer:** b **47. What is the role of CXCL12 in immune evasion?**\ a. Attracts immune cells\ b. Repels immune cells\ c. Enhances antigen presentation\ d. Induces apoptosis in tumor cells\ **Answer:** b **48. Which receptor is downregulated in tumors to resist apoptosis?**\ a. MHC-I\ b. Fas\ c. PD-1\ d. CXCR3\ **Answer:** b **49. What type of cytokine is IL-10?**\ a. Pro-inflammatory\ b. Anti-inflammatory\ c. Chemotactic\ d. Cytotoxic\ **Answer:** b **50. What is the primary metabolic feature of tumor cells known as the Warburg Effect?**\ a. Increased use of oxidative phosphorylation\ b. Preferential use of glycolysis, even in the presence of oxygen\ c. Reduced glucose uptake\ d. Increased oxygen consumption\ **Answer:** b