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Questions and Answers
Which ethnic minority in Afghanistan was particularly targeted during the government’s repressive measures?
What was the main consequence of the Soviet Union airlifting thousands of troops into Kabul in December 1979?
What was the approximate number of Afghan deaths during the Soviet occupation period?
Which group became known as the heart of the resistance against the Soviet occupation?
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Which countries primarily provided support to the Afghan resistance fighters during the Soviet occupation?
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What was one effect of the Soviet government's actions during their occupation of Afghanistan?
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Which faction did Osama bin Laden join during the Soviet-Afghan War?
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What approach did the Karmal government take to suppress the uprisings in Afghanistan?
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What form of government was Afghanistan under before the civil war erupted in 1978?
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Which factions did the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA) split into in 1967?
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What significant event occurred on April 27, 1978, in Afghanistan?
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Which ethnic group has historically dominated the government in Afghanistan?
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What approach did Daoud Khan take after rising to power regarding the PDPA and Soviet influence?
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What was a consequence of the PDPA government's radical land reform?
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Which post-World War II powers competed for influence in Afghanistan?
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What kind of council did Zahir Shah convene in 1964 to discuss a new constitution?
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What was the immediate outcome of the Taliban's entry into Mazar-i Sharif?
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How many people were reportedly massacred by the Taliban in Mazar-i Sharif after securing control of the city?
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Which of the following groups was a part of the United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan?
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What significant action did the United Nations take against the Taliban in October 1999?
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Who led the Pashtun group Council of the East that was part of the United Front?
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What event triggered the U.S. air strikes in August 1998?
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What was a consequence of the Taliban's refusal to hand over bin Laden?
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Where did Dostum reportedly go into exile following the Taliban's control of Mazar-i Sharif?
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What relationship did Osama bin Laden have with the Taliban after returning to Afghanistan?
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What title did Mullah Omar assume when the Taliban renamed Afghanistan?
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Which body was considered the most powerful agency within the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan?
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What did the Taliban prohibit regarding women's education?
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How did the Taliban enforce their version of Islamic law regarding dress codes?
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What significant military assistance did Massoud obtain after the loss of Kabul?
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What was a consequence of General Abdul Malik Pahlawan's agreement with the Taliban?
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What was one of the central policies of the Taliban in areas under their control regarding women's employment?
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What event occurred in Taloqan in September 2000?
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What impact did the severe drought have on the civilians during the fighting?
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What happened in Yakaolang in late December 2000?
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What was the outcome of the Taliban's retake of Yakaolang on January 8, 2001?
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Who returned to Afghanistan in early 2001 to meet with Massoud?
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Which former governor undertook guerrilla action against the Taliban in 2001?
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What tactic was used in the assassination of Massoud on September 9, 2001?
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What was suspected about the assassins of Massoud according to United Front leaders?
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Study Notes
History of the War in Afghanistan
- The US-led military intervention in Afghanistan is the fourth phase of a 23-year civil war.
- Foreign powers have intensified the conflict by supporting opposing sides throughout these stages.
Pre-Civil War
- Before the civil war in 1978, Afghanistan was a monarchy under Muhammad Zahir Shah, who ruled from 1933.
- After World War II, the US and the Soviet Union competed for influence in Afghanistan through economic assistance.
- The US established military ties with Pakistan in 1954, prompting Afghanistan to seek closer ties with the Soviet Union.
- In 1964, Zahir Shah organized a Loya Jirga (Grand Council) for a more representative government.
- Zahir Shah did not relinquish his power, although political parties were allowed, they could not contest elections.
The Saur Revolution and Soviet Occupation (1973-1992)
- In 1973, Zahir Shah was overthrown by his cousin, Daoud Khan.
- Daoud Khan aligned with the Parcham faction of the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA), a Marxist-Leninist party formed in 1965.
- The PDPA split in 1967 into Parcham ("flag") and Khalq ("masses").
- Parcham was supported by urban, educated Pashtuns and other ethnic minorities.
- Khalq was supported by educated rural Afghans, predominantly Pashtuns.
- Pashtuns are Afghanistan's largest ethnic group and have historically held political power.
- Other major ethnic groups include Tajiks, Hazaras, and Uzbeks.
- Daoud Khan attempted to marginalize the Parchamis and distance the government from the Soviet Union.
- In 1977, both factions of the PDPA reunited, and on April 27, 1978, launched a coup.
- Daoud Khan was killed, and the PDPA seized power.
- The PDPA government, led by Khalq, implemented radical land reform, which resulted in widespread repression in the countryside.
- Thousands were arrested and executed, including political figures, religious leaders, teachers, students, and members of ethnic minorities, especially the Hazaras.
- The government's repressive measures sparked uprisings throughout Afghanistan.
- The Soviet Union intervened in December 1979, fearing a destabilized Afghanistan would pose a threat to its southern border.
- The Soviet Union airlifted thousands of troops into Kabul, assassinating the Khalq president, Hafizullah Amin, and installing Babrak Karmal, a Parchami, as president.
- The Soviet occupation force, numbering around 115,000 troops, along with the Karmal government, used mass arrests, torture, executions, and aerial bombardments to suppress the resistance.
- The Soviet occupation and repression led to over a million Afghan deaths, mostly from aerial bombardments, and forced five million out of a sixteen million population into exile.
The Rise of the Mujahideen (1980s)
- Islamic organizations known as the Mujahideen, fighting against the communist government in Kabul, established bases in Pakistan and Iran.
- The United States and Saudi Arabia provided substantial support to the Mujahideen, largely through Pakistan.
- The US involvement was seen as a Cold War strategy to counter Soviet influence.
- Muslim radicals from across the Middle East and North Africa joined the Mujahideen.
- Key Mujahideen groups included Hizb-i Islami led by Gulbuddin Hekmatyar and Ittihad-i Islami led by Abdul Rasul Sayyaf.
- Osama bin Laden arrived in Pakistan in the early 1980s and established training facilities for foreign recruits in Afghanistan.
The Rise of the Taliban (1990s)
- After the Soviet withdrawal in 1989, a power struggle ensued among the Mujahideen factions.
- The Taliban, a Pashtun-dominated group with strict Islamic ideology, emerged as a dominant force.
- By 1996, they seized control of Kabul and established the Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan.
- Mullah Muhammad Omar became the Supreme Leader, known as the "Amir-ul-Momineen" (Commander of the Faithful).
- The Taliban imposed a rigid interpretation of Islamic law, restricting women's rights, prohibiting music and entertainment, and enforcing strict dress codes.
- The Ministry of Promotion of Virtue and Prevention of Vice was responsible for enforcing all Taliban decrees.
The Northern Alliance and Continued Conflict
- The Northern Alliance, led by Ahmad Shah Massoud, opposed the Taliban and controlled parts of northern Afghanistan.
- In 1998, the United States launched airstrikes against bin Laden's training camps near the Pakistani border in response to the US embassy bombings in Nairobi and Dar es Salaam.
- The UN imposed sanctions on the Taliban in 1999, demanding the handover of bin Laden.
- The Taliban's refusal to comply led to further sanctions in 2000, including an arms embargo and travel restrictions.
- Fighting continued between the Taliban and the Northern Alliance, resulting in widespread displacement of civilians.
- In 2001, Massoud was assassinated by suicide bombers linked to bin Laden.
The US-Led Invasion (2001-Present)
- The September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks on the United States, linked to al-Qaeda and bin Laden, prompted the US to invade Afghanistan.
- The US launched airstrikes and deployed troops, targeting the Taliban and al-Qaeda.
- The Taliban was overthrown from power and fled to Pakistan.
- The US established a new government in Afghanistan, which has faced ongoing challenges from the Taliban insurgency.
- The war in Afghanistan has had a devastating impact on the country, causing widespread displacement, poverty, and human rights abuses.
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Description
Explore the complex history of Afghanistan leading up to and during the US-led military intervention. This quiz covers the monarchy of Zahir Shah, the Saur Revolution, and the Soviet occupation, highlighting foreign influences and civil strife. Test your knowledge on key events and figures that shaped this prolonged conflict.
