Questions and Answers
What was the purpose of the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001?
To overthrow the Taliban for harboring terrorists.
What are the two predominant ethnic groups in the border area between Pakistan and Afghanistan?
Define ethnic cleansing.
A purposeful policy designed by one ethnic or religious group to remove by violent and terror-inspiring means the civilian population of another ethnic or religious group from certain geographic areas.
How did World War II impact ethnic groups in Europe?
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Explain the ethnic conflict in Yugoslavia.
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What are the four steps often found in ethnic cleansing?
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Define balkanized.
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Define balkanization.
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How did colonialism create a conflict between ethnicity and nationalism in Africa?
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Explain the various aspects of ethnic cleansing in Sudan.
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Explain the conflict between the Hutus and Tutsis in central Africa.
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Define ethnicity.
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Define race.
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Define nationality.
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What are some problems of determining ethnicity?
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Explain President Obama as an example of the difficulty of defining someone's ethnicity.
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What are some different ethnicities found in the U.S.?
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Define racism.
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Define racist.
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What are some problems in taking the census with Hispanic Americans?
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What are the clusters of different American ethnicities?
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Define ethnic enclave.
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What are some reasons why ethnic enclaves developed?
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Define ethnoburb.
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Explain the complexity of Brazil's ethnicities.
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What is Triangular Trade?
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What are the two primary trends of internal migration of African Americans?
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Define sharecropper.
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What are motivating factors for African American interregional migration?
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Define white flight.
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Define blockbusting.
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Explain how the policy of 'separate but equal' impacted ethnic distribution in America.
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What two important events ended 'separate but equal'?
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Define apartheid.
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Explain how ethnicity played a role in dividing people in South Africa.
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What is the difference between ethnicity and nationality?
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Explain the differences among the four English nationalities: English, Welsh, Scots, and Irish.
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Define nationalism.
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What is a centripetal force in the context of nationality?
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Explain the conflict in India in detail.
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Explain the Kurds as an example of one ethnicity divided among several countries.
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What are some ethnicities in Turkey?
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What are the main religious groups in Lebanon?
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What is the composition of Iraq's population?
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Study Notes
Key Concepts of Ethnicity
- Ethnicity is linked to a geographic location, representing a group's cultural traditions tied to a specific homeland.
- Race differs from ethnicity as it focuses on perceived physical traits rather than geographic origins.
- Nationality refers to a legal connection to a country, encompassing shared citizenship rather than cultural lineage.
Challenges in Defining Ethnicity
- Complexities arise when individuals have parents from different ethnic or racial backgrounds.
- Societies often conflate race, ethnicity, and nationality, leading to blurred definitions.
Case Study: Barack Obama
- Obama’s mixed heritage includes Luo from Kenya (father) and English descent from the U.S. (mother), yet he identifies as African American.
Ethnicities in the U.S.
- Hispanic Americans: Originating from Latin America; preference for specific national identities rather than broad labels; clustered in the Southwest.
- Asian Americans: Diverse backgrounds, with 19% identifying as Asian American; many prefer their country of origin identification.
- African Americans: Descendants of enslaved Africans from various regions; concentrated in the Southeast due to historical migration patterns.
- Indigenous Peoples: Includes various groups, primarily Native Americans; significant population representing distinct cultures.
Racism and Its Implications
- Racism is the belief that race determines inherent qualities and superiority.
- A racist is someone who holds such beliefs, potentially leading to social division.
Census Issues
- Difficulties arise in census-taking as Hispanic Americans identify with multiple racial frameworks; African Americans face distinctions between ethnic and racial classifications.
Ethnic Clusters in America
- Hispanics: Predominantly found in the Southwest and California.
- African Americans: Concentrated in the Southeastern U.S.
- Asian Americans: Clustered in the West, especially California, and represent a significant proportion in Hawaii.
- Native Americans: Mainly found in the Southwest and northern plains.
Ethnic Enclaves
- Ethnic enclaves form through clustering of similar backgrounds in urban neighborhoods, providing social and economic support for new immigrants.
Brazil's Ethnic Diversity
- Ethnic mix including descendants of Portuguese, Africans, Asians, and Indigenous peoples; Brazilians identify with many races, creating a unique cultural landscape.
Forced Migration Effects
- The transatlantic slave trade led to the forced migration of Africans, impacting current ethnic distributions in the Americas.
Internal Migration Patterns
- African Americans migrated from the South to northern cities and subsequently to suburban areas as economic opportunities shifted.
Terms of Migration
- Sharecropper: Individuals working on land rented from an owner and compensating through a share of the crop.
- White Flight: The exodus of white residents in anticipation of demographic changes due to black immigration.
Historical Context
- "Separate but equal" policies historically enforced racial segregation, influencing today's ethnic distributions and residential patterns.
- Apartheid laws in South Africa strictly segregated races into defined areas, demonstrating the complexity of ethnic identities.
Ethnicities and Nationality
- Ethnicity is shaped by cultural markers like religion and language; nationality involves legal duties such as voting and civic responsibilities.
Ethnic Conflicts and Divisions
- The partition of India in 1947 caused massive migrations and violence, influenced by religious identities (Hindus vs. Muslims).
- The Kurds represent a significant ethnicity split across multiple nations, establishing an ethnic identity despite political borders.
Current Ethnic Diversities in Countries
- Turkey: Majority ethnic Turks with a significant Kurdish minority.
- Lebanon: A mix of various religious groups resulting in historical civil conflict.
- Syria and Iraq: Diverse ethnic groups and religious tensions, particularly between Arabs and Kurds.
- Iran: Predominantly Persians, with a history of Shiite Islamic governance.
- Afghanistan and Pakistan: Composed of multiple ethnicities; conflict exacerbated by historical governance and Taliban rule.
Ethnic Cleansing
- Defined as policies aimed at forcibly removing one ethnic group from a geographic area, often through violence and terror.
Post-War Ethnic Displacement
- World War II caused significant migration due to post-war boundary changes, affecting ethnic distributions across Europe.
Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans
- The breakup of Yugoslavia in the 1990s led to ethnic cleansing as new national borders clashed with the distribution of ethnic groups, stemming from historical rivalries.### Ethnic Conflict in the Former Yugoslavia
Bosnia
- Most ethnically diverse region in Yugoslavia with significant populations of Serbs, Croats, and Bosniaks (Muslims).
- Serbs and Croats aimed to merge their territories with Serbia and Croatia instead of supporting a multi-ethnic state.
- Ethnic cleansing targeted Bosniaks to establish ethnically homogeneous regions favorable for union with Serbia and Croatia.
- In 1996, peace agreement divided Bosnia into three regions dominated by Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs.
- Currently, Bosnia is relatively peaceful.
Kosovo
- Ethnic Albanians (82%) and Serbs (10%) were the main groups during the Yugoslavia breakup.
- Historic Serb defeat in Kosovo (1389) led to long-standing tension; Serbs were given control in early 1900s.
- Ethnic cleansing in Kosovo aimed at the Albanian majority by Serbs.
- NATO intervened with airstrikes against Serbia, leading to their withdrawal.
- Kosovo declared independence from Serbia in 2008, causing many Serbs to leave.
Croatia
- Croatia declared independence in 1991 amid the break-up of Yugoslavia.
- Ethnic Serbs made up 12% of the population and rebelled to form Republic of Serbian Krajina.
- Ethnic cleansing by Serbs expelled 170,000 Croats from eastern parts of Croatia.
- The conflict concluded in 1995 with a Croatian victory, resulting in the expulsion of 20,000 Serbs and the departure of 180,000 Serbs.
Definitions
Balkanized
- Describes a small geographic area unable to establish stable countries due to multiple ethnicities harboring deep-seated antagonisms.
Balkanization
- The process of a state’s breakdown due to conflicts among its various ethnic groups.
Colonialism and Ethnic Conflict in Africa
- European colonialism fragmented Africa into colonies without considering ethnic distributions.
- Upon gaining independence, newly formed states reflected colonial borders, not historical ethnic groupings.
- This led to states with diverse ethnicities and divisions extending across multiple nations, fueling ethnic tensions.
Ethnic Cleansing in Sudan
Darfur
- Rebellion by Black African ethnicities in 2003 against Arab-dominated government due to discrimination.
- Janjaweed (Arab nomads) perpetrated violence, resulting in 450,000 deaths and 2.5 million displaced.
- Victims live in refugee camps facing harsh conditions.
South Sudan
- Civil war from 1983 to 2005 between northern Arab Muslims and southern Christian/Dinka Nuer ethnicities, resulting in 1.9 million deaths and 700,000 displaced.
- The conflict originated from resistance to Muslim laws imposed by the North.
- South Sudan gained independence in 2011, but continues to struggle with stability due to diverse ethnicities.
Abeyi
- Conflict along the border with South Sudan; home to ethnicities associated with both nations.
- Referendum to decide the status of Abeyi was postponed.
- Monitored by Ethiopian peacekeepers.
South Kordofan/Blue Nile
- Regions with various ethnic alignments to both Sudan and South Sudan.
- A postponed referendum to determine territorial status aggravates tensions.
Eastern Front
- Eastern ethnicities rose against Sudanese government in pursuit of oil profits, supported by Eritrea.
Hutu and Tutsi Conflict in Central Africa
- Hutus, established farmers in Rwanda and Burundi, contrasted with Tutsi cattle herders migrating from Kenya.
- Tutsis held power historically until the end of colonial rule led to Hutu dominance and subsequent genocide against Tutsis.
- Civil war initiated in 1990 by Tutsi descendants; this led to a balance of genocidal violence in both Rwanda and Burundi.
- Genocide in Rwanda escalated following political assassinations in 1994, culminating in mass violence by Hutus.
- Current governance: Tutsis control Rwanda; Hutus democratically elected in Burundi since 2005.
- Conflict spread to Congo, impacting regional dynamics and leading to ongoing violence.
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Description
Explore the ethnic complexities and historical context of Afghanistan and Pakistan. This quiz focuses on the key issues arising from ethnic differences, the impact of the 2001 invasion, and the definition of ethnic cleansing. Test your understanding of the intricate relationships among various ethnic groups in the region.