Final Study Guide

<p>To provide protection and Christian instruction in exchange for labor (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Seneca (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decline in the native populations due to diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Treaty of Tordesillas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Potatoes (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It divided Oregon at the 49th parallel. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Established the Rio Grande as the U.S.-Mexico border. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Kansas-Nebraska Act (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secession of Southern states. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To redefine the war objectives by freeing slaves in rebelling states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Black Codes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Compromise of 1877 and withdrawal of federal troops. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restriction of speech against the government (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Election of 1800 (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It maintained a balance between free and slave states. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Second Great Awakening (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Protect U.S. industries from foreign competition (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The limits of executive power (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Marbury v. Madison (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Manifest Destiny (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Compromise of 1850 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Trail of Tears (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Market-oriented agriculture and industry (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Whig Party (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Escalation of the conflict over slavery (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Led to the abolition of slavery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mortality rates during transit averaged 10–15%. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He helped lead to the New Laws of 1542 limiting forced labor. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>French established trading partnerships, relying less on settlement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mercantilism to bolster the English economy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It ultimately weakened Native resistance in New England. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>African slavery became institutionalized with slave codes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The pursuit of rice and indigo cultivation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Declaration of Independence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Seven Years' War. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Federalists and Democratic-Republicans. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It diminished the authority of established faiths. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They viewed Native cultures as inferior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Battle of Saratoga. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Taxation without colonial representation angered many colonists. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Unified colonies and provided a framework during the war. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of plants, animals, diseases, and people between the Old World (Europe, Asia, and Africa) and the New World (the Americas) after Christopher Columbus's voyages in 1492.

A system established by the Spanish in the Americas that granted settlers control over Native American labor in exchange for 'protection' and Christian conversion. This often resulted in the forced labor of indigenous people in fields and mines.

A powerful empire in Peru known for its potato cultivation, advanced road systems, and innovative terraced farming techniques.

A civilization that flourished in Mesoamerica (modern-day Mexico) known for their advanced cities, elaborate calendar systems, and extensive trade networks.

The Aztec Empire was a powerful civilization in central Mexico with its capital Tenochtitlán, boasting a population of over 200,000. They were known for their intricate social structure and religious practices.

The arrival of horses, pigs, and cattle from Europe transformed the cultures and economies of Native American societies, particularly on the Great Plains, where they facilitated nomadic hunting and warfare.

The process of Europeans exploring and colonizing the Americas, primarily driven by the desire for wealth (trade with Asia), spreading Christianity, and the advancements of the Renaissance.

A treaty signed in 1494 that divided the newly discovered lands of the Americas between Spain and Portugal, creating a line of demarcation along which these countries claimed territories.

A system where enslaved Africans replaced decimated Native populations, mainly in the Americas, during the 16th-19th centuries.

The forced journey of enslaved Africans across the Atlantic Ocean to the Americas, lasting months and often resulting in high mortality rates.

The policy of Spanish authorities in the Americas to control and exploit Native populations for labor and resources.

A Spanish Dominican friar who advocated for the rights of Native Americans and criticized the Encomienda system, leading to the New Laws of 1542.

A series of debates held in Spain in the 1550s regarding the humanity and rights of Native Americans, highlighting the conflicting views of Spanish society.

A system of forced labor that transported millions of Africans to the Americas, contributing to the development of plantation economies and the racial hierarchy. It was a key part of the triangular trade.

The transition from European exploration to colonization along the Atlantic coast, shaping the development of the original 13 colonies.

The period from 1607 to 1754, marked by the growth and establishment of British colonies along the Atlantic coast of North America.

A contract where individuals agreed to work for a fixed period of time in exchange for passage to the colonies, housing, and food.

A religious revival movement in the colonies during the 1730s-1740s that emphasized personal salvation and challenged traditional religious authority.

A policy of limited interference by the British government in the colonies' internal affairs, allowing self-governance.

The system of trade that connected the colonies, Africa, and Europe, involving the exchange of goods such as sugar, rum, slaves, and manufactured goods.

Economic policies that aimed to increase national wealth by promoting exports and restricting imports, often leading to colonial resentment.

A series of laws passed by the Federalist-controlled Congress in 1798, aimed at suppressing dissent against the government and targeting immigrants, particularly those from France.

The westward expansion of the United States brought conflicts with Native American tribes who had inhabited the land for generations.

The process of economic growth and change in the United States between 1800 and 1848, characterized by a shift from subsistence farming to market-oriented production, industrialization, and advancements in transportation and technology.

The belief that the United States was destined to expand across the North American continent, fueled by nationalism, economic ambitions, and a sense of divine mission.

A landmark Supreme Court case in 1803 that established the principle of judicial review, granting the Supreme Court the power to declare laws unconstitutional.

A significant Supreme Court case in 1819 that affirmed the federal government's supremacy over states and upheld the constitutionality of the national bank.

This Supreme Court case in 1824 affirmed the federal government's authority over interstate commerce, striking down state regulations that interfered with national trade.

The era from 1817 to 1825 under President James Monroe, characterized by a period of political unity and relative peace, although sectional tensions over issues like tariffs, internal improvements, and slavery were already emerging.

The Missouri Compromise was a legislative agreement in 1820 that aimed to maintain the balance between free and slave states by admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and prohibiting slavery north of the 36°30′ line in the Louisiana Territory.

The election of 1800, often called the "Revolution of 1800," marked a peaceful transfer of power from the Federalists to the Democratic-Republicans, signifying a shift in political ideology and governance in the United States.

A key event that began in 1861 and ended in 1865, primarily over slavery and the issue of states' rights, resulting in a major turning point in American history with significant social, economic, and political changes.

The period following the Civil War, from 1865 to 1877, characterized by efforts made by the federal government to rebuild the South, integrate emancipated slaves into society, and address the challenges of racial equality, facing resistance and limitations.

The 1830s saw the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the eastern United States to lands west of the Mississippi River, often under harsh conditions, resulting in significant cultural and economic disruptions for Native Americans.

The cotton gin, a machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793, revolutionized cotton production by significantly increasing efficiency and reducing labor costs, ultimately boosting the Southern economy while also strengthening the reliance on slavery.

Henry Clay's American System aimed to unify the nation through a protective tariff that shielded American industries from foreign competition, a national bank to stabilize currency, and government funding for internal improvements like roads and canals, promoting economic growth and national unity.

The United States acquired California and New Mexico from Mexico after the Mexican-American War, officially ending the conflict.

This 1853 purchase added land in the southwest, specifically for the southern transcontinental railroad project.

The debate over slavery's expansion intensified after the Mexican-American War as the question of whether to allow slavery in these newly acquired territories became central.

A series of agreements designed to ease tensions between the North and South over slavery in the 1850s, but ultimately failed to prevent the Civil War.

The idea that residents of a territory should decide whether or not to allow slavery, often leading to conflict and violence.

This act repealed the Missouri Compromise, allowing popular sovereignty in Kansas and Nebraska. However, it led to bloody clashes between pro-slavery and anti-slavery forces in Kansas.

A network of safe houses and routes used by enslaved people to escape to free states in the North, a significant act of resistance against slavery.

The Emancipation Proclamation, issued in 1863, changed the nature of the war by freeing slaves in Confederate-held territories. This gave moral purpose to the war effort.