History Chapter 1: Natives and Exploration

A sustainable agricultural technique practiced by Native Americans in the Northeast, involving the interplanting of squash, beans, and corn. Each plant benefits from the others, creating a symbiotic ecosystem.

A powerful confederation of six Native American nations in the Northeast that established a framework for political alliances and conflict resolution, contributing to a period of relative peace and stability.

An abbreviation for the three primary motivations behind European exploration: God, Gold, and Glory. These factors drove explorers across the globe in search of riches, religious expansion, and fame and power.

The extensive exchange of people, plants, animals, and ideas between the Old World (Europe, Asia, Africa) and the New World (the Americas) following Christopher Columbus' voyages in the 15th century.

A Spanish labor system that granted colonists control over Native American populations, allowing them to extract labor and resources. This system often resulted in exploitation and oppression.

A treaty signed between Spain and Portugal in 1494 that divided the newly discovered lands of the Americas between them. This treaty solidified the control of vast territories in the Americas by European powers.

English colonies focused on agriculture and attracted a diverse population of families, while French colonies relied heavily on the fur trade, primarily populated by male fur traders and missionaries, leading to more alliances and intermarriage with Native Americans.

A rebellion by former indentured servants in Virginia in 1676 who protested against unfair taxes and policies. This rebellion highlighted the unreliability of indentured labor and encouraged colonists to shift towards African slave labor as a more stable source of workforce.

A series of religious revivals that swept through the American colonies in the 1730s and 1740s. It emphasized individual conversion and emotional experience, promoting democratic ideals and weakening traditional religious authority.

The flow of news and information between Britain and the American colonies, primarily through newspapers and pamphlets. It facilitated the spread of ideas and fostered a sense of American identity, contributing to the intellectual climate leading up to the Revolution.

An intellectual and cultural movement that emphasized reason, logic, and individual rights. Key Enlightenment thinkers like John Locke and Montesquieu influenced American ideas about government and individual liberty.

The French and Indian War led to increased tensions between Britain and its American colonies. Britain imposed new taxes and regulations on the colonies to pay for the war, sparking resentment and ultimately contributing to the American Revolution.

A British law that imposed taxes on printed materials in the American colonies. This tax, along with other acts such as the Tea Act, fuelled colonial discontent and resistance, leading to boycotts and ultimately the American Revolution.

The Articles of Confederation, the first government of the United States, suffered from significant weaknesses, such as a lack of power to tax or regulate commerce, which led to economic instability and ultimately the creation of the Constitution.

The Constitutional Convention involved several key compromises, such as the Great Compromise (creating the House and Senate) and the 3/5 Compromise (counting slaves for representation). These compromises helped create a balance of power and address sectional differences.

Jefferson made significant changes to Federalist policies. He repealed the Whiskey tax, Naturalization Act, and Judiciary Act of 1801, pardoned those convicted under the Sedition Act, and sent the navy to fight Barbary pirates.

Despite his changes, Jefferson continued some key Federalist policies. He maintained the Bank of the United States, funding, and assumption policies.

The Louisiana Purchase was a major territorial expansion during Jefferson's presidency. It challenged the strict interpretation of the Constitution by using the 'elastic clause' to justify the purchase.

The War of 1812 was sparked by several factors, including British impressment of American sailors, resentment from the American Revolution, British support of Native American tribes in the West, and British refusal to abandon their posts in North America.

The War of 1812 had several important effects, including the end of the Federalist Party due to their opposition to the war, the Treaty of Ghent that resulted in no territorial change, and the growth of American nationalism.

Henry Clay proposed the American System, a plan with three main goals: a protective tariff, a second National Bank, and federal funding for infrastructure (roads and canals). It aimed to promote national economic growth and create a balanced economy between North and South.

The Missouri Compromise addressed the issue of slavery in the expanding country. It admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining the balance of power. It also established the 36°30′ line, forbidding slavery north of it in the Louisiana Territory.

The Monroe Doctrine declared that the Western Hemisphere was closed to further European colonization. It warned European powers that any attempt to intervene in the Americas would be seen as a threat to the United States.

The Era of Good Feelings was a period of national unity and prosperity during James Monroe's presidency. It was marked by a lack of partisan conflict, a sense of national pride, and a growing sense of American identity.

Jacksonian Democracy was a political movement associated with Andrew Jackson, advocating for greater democracy and popular participation in government. It emphasized universal male suffrage, limited government intervention in the economy, and the expansion of rights for the 'common man.'

The presidency of Andrew Jackson (1829-1837) marked a shift towards a more democratic and populist style of governance, with a focus on expanding the power of the Executive branch and challenging established elites.

A presidential order issued by Andrew Jackson in 1836 that required payment for federal land to be made in gold or silver coins, aiming to curb speculation and stabilize the economy.

A major economic crisis in the United States caused by factors including Jackson's financial policies, speculation in land, and a shortage of hard currency.

A federal law enacted in 1830 that authorized the forced relocation of Native American tribes from their ancestral lands in the Southeast to territories west of the Mississippi River.

A major political showdown in the 1830s between South Carolina and the federal government over the issue of tariffs.

A period of religious revivalism in the early 19th century, characterized by passionate preaching, emphases on personal conversion, and a belief in the possibility of social reform.

A social reform movement that advocated for limiting or prohibiting the consumption of alcoholic beverages, often motivated by concerns about societal ills associated with alcohol abuse.

A social and political movement that advocated for the immediate and complete end to slavery in the United States.

A social and political movement that advocated for equal rights and opportunities for women, including the right to vote, property ownership, and education.

Powerful business leaders who controlled major industries in the US, often using ruthless tactics to accumulate wealth and dominate their respective fields.

A business strategy where a company controls all stages of production, from raw materials to finished goods. This gives them a competitive advantage and reduces reliance on outside suppliers.

The process of merging several companies into one larger entity, often to create a monopoly and control a specific industry.

Workers organized and protested against harsh working conditions, but often faced strong opposition from businesses and the government. Unions fought for better wages, shorter hours, and safer working environments.

A federation of skilled labor unions that aimed to improve worker conditions through collective bargaining and negotiation.

The reasons that led people to leave their home countries (push factors) and the reasons that attracted them to the US (pull factors).

The rise of large-scale industrialization and technological advancements created opportunities for powerful corporations to control large parts of the economy.

The rapid changes associated with industrialization led to intense discussions about the rights of various groups, especially women and racial minorities.

The 19th-century belief that the United States was destined to expand its territory across North America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. This concept justified westward expansion and fueled territorial conflicts, including the Mexican-American War.

The vast territory ceded by Mexico to the United States in the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) following the Mexican-American War. This included present-day California, Nevada, Utah, Arizona, and parts of New Mexico, Colorado, and Wyoming.

A proposed amendment to a 1846 bill that aimed to prohibit slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico. This proposal sparked heated debates between pro-slavery and abolitionist factions, highlighting the widening sectional tensions over the issue.

A landmark Supreme Court decision in 1857 that ruled that African Americans, whether free or enslaved, were not US citizens and therefore could not sue in federal court. This decision also declared the Missouri Compromise unconstitutional, effectively validating the spread of slavery into new territories.

A period of violence and bloodshed in Kansas Territory (1854-1861) stemming from the Kansas-Nebraska Act, which allowed for popular sovereignty to determine whether slavery would be permitted in these territories. Pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions clashed, resulting in political strife and violence.

The Republican Party emerged in 1854 as a direct response to the Kansas-Nebraska Act and the expansion of slavery. This political party, which opposed the spread of slavery into new territories, gained momentum, eventually leading to the election of Abraham Lincoln in 1860.

A Union strategy devised during the Civil War to block Confederate ports, preventing supplies and exports from reaching the South, forcing a surrender by economic strangulation.

A bloody battle fought in Maryland in 1862 that resulted in a Union victory, but at great cost. It ended Lee's first major invasion of the North and marked a turning point in the war, leading to the issuance of the Emancipation Proclamation.

A crucial battle fought in Pennsylvania in 1863. The Union victory here marked a significant turning point in the war. It was a major defeat for the Confederacy and the last time they would invade the North.

A devastating campaign led by General William Tecumseh Sherman in 1864 where Union troops marched from Atlanta to Savannah, Georgia, destroying Confederate supplies, infrastructure, and morale.

Issued by Abraham Lincoln in 1863, it declared slaves in Confederate states to be free. However, it did not free slaves in border states loyal to the Union.

A speech given by Abraham Lincoln at the dedication of a national cemetery at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania. It redefined the Civil War as a struggle for the preservation of a nation dedicated to liberty and equality.

President Lincoln's plan for Reconstruction, which aimed to readmit Southern states into the Union if 10% of their voting population swore allegiance to the United States.

The process of rebuilding the South and readmitting former Confederate states into the Union after the Civil War.

Officially ended slavery in the United States, making it illegal nationwide.

Guaranteed citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States, including former slaves, and provided equal protection under the law.

Granted African American men the right to vote, expanding suffrage to this group.

President after Lincoln's assassination. He opposed Reconstruction and vetoed many bills that would have protected the rights of African Americans.

Passed by Congress over Johnson's veto, it divided the South into five military districts and required states to ratify the 14th Amendment for readmission.

A federal agency created to help former slaves adjust to freedom by providing food, shelter, education, and other services.

Laws passed by Southern states after the Civil War to restrict the rights of African Americans, limiting their freedom and opportunities.

An agreement that ended Reconstruction by awarding the presidency to Republican Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for the removal of federal troops from the South.

A vision for the South after the Civil War, emphasizing industrialization, economic development, and racial reconciliation, although it was largely unsuccessful.

State and local laws in the South that enforced racial segregation and discrimination, denying African Americans equal rights.