History of Science and Research Methods
34 Questions
1 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a potential benefit of improved sleep quality?

  • Decreased kidney function
  • Strengthened immune system (correct)
  • Enhanced cardiovascular function (correct)
  • Increased risk of cancer

What is not typically associated with enhanced cardiovascular function?

  • Decreased respiratory efficiency (correct)
  • Lower blood pressure
  • Increased physical activity
  • Improved metabolic rates

What type of data is collected from other researchers?

  • Secondary data (correct)
  • Experimental data
  • Primary data
  • Observational data

Which characteristic does basic research primarily focus on?

<p>Studying natural phenomena (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a crucial step in the scientific method that involves reviewing existing literature?

<p>Hypothesis creation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents a potential risk associated with decreased kidney function?

<p>Reduced waste elimination (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom associated with rabies?

<p>Improved vision (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of research aims for revolutionary changes in scientific thinking?

<p>Revolutionary science (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about rabies is false?

<p>The infection can be effectively treated with antibiotics. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of the FDA?

<p>Ensuring the safety and efficacy of pharmaceuticals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of probiotics in the human body?

<p>Improve gut health (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a potential benefit of consuming probiotics?

<p>Promote hair growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of organism is primarily associated with the production of probiotics?

<p>Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about cyanobacteria is incorrect?

<p>They are multicellular organisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common effect of consuming too many probiotics?

<p>Digestive discomfort (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which characteristic is NOT typical of rabies virus?

<p>It once resulted in a high survival rate if symptoms appeared. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of regulatory agencies in relation to biological products?

<p>Protecting the public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of biological products (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term is used to describe promising compounds in the drug discovery stage?

<p>Lead (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is identified as the primary cause of antibiotic resistance?

<p>Overuse of antibiotics in healthcare (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which bacteria is particularly recognized for its multi-drug resistance?

<p>Staphylococcus aureus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which hospital was Neurologic Music Therapy first utilized?

<p>Cleveland Hospital (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the essential requirement for patients to benefit from Neurologic Music Therapy?

<p>Nothing is required (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is primarily involved in Tourette Syndrome?

<p>Basal ganglia, thalamus, and cortical regions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a method used in early diagnosis of cancer?

<p>Self medication (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the origin of life from simple to complex molecules?

<p>Abiogenesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which process uses light energy to manufacture organic compounds?

<p>Photosynthesis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of organisms are prokaryotes primarily classified as?

<p>Anaerobic heterotrophs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept involves the collaboration between researchers to address a specific issue?

<p>Client collaboration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of ozone on ultraviolet radiation?

<p>It blocks UV radiation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes organisms that use chemical bonds to manufacture their own compounds?

<p>Autotrophs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the earliest organisms according to the content?

<p>Anaerobic and self-reproducing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary research method that gathers data at one point in time?

<p>Cross-sectional study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of respiration primarily involve?

<p>Releasing carbon dioxide (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the process of chemosynthesis enable organisms to do?

<p>Manufacture compounds using chemical energy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Abiogenesis

The process by which life arises from non-living matter.

Ribozyme

RNA molecules that can act as enzymes, catalyzing biological reactions.

Prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms lacking a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Chemosynthesis

Process where organisms use energy from chemical reactions to manufacture their own compounds.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Photosynthesis

Process by which plants and some other organisms use light energy to convert carbon dioxide and water into sugars and oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aerobic Respiration

Process that releases energy from food in the presence of oxygen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Endosymbiosis

Theory explaining the origin of eukaryotic organelles from symbiotic prokaryotic cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cross-sectional data

Data collected at a single point in time from a population.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Qualitative data

Descriptive data that cannot be measured numerically.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Research problem

A specific question or issue that a research project aims to address.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mitochondria function

Mitochondria are the powerhouses of the cell, responsible for energy production.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rabies transmission

Rabies is a viral disease transmitted primarily by the saliva of infected animals, primarily dogs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Probiotics benefit

Probiotics improve gut health by introducing beneficial bacteria.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific method

A systematic process for asking questions, finding answers, and testing them.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rabies cause

Rabies is caused by a virus called Lyssavirus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Probiotics: NOT a benefit

Probiotics do not increase calorie absorption, reduce bone density, promote hair growth or enhance liver function.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rabies spreads via

The rabies virus binds to dynein proteins, then goes through the central nerve system.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Rabies virus type

Rabies is an RNA virus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Scientific Method

A systematic approach to acquiring knowledge through observation, experimentation, and interpretation.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Hypothesis

A testable explanation or prediction about a phenomenon.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Literature Review

A critical evaluation of existing research to establish a baseline and identify potential solutions to address a research question.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Collection

Gathering information to support or refute a hypothesis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Data Analysis

Examining and interpreting collected data to identify trends.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Data

Original data collected for a specific research project.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Basic Research

Research driven by curiosity and the advancement of foundational knowledge, not focused on immediate solutions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

FDA's Job

Ensuring the safety and efficacy of medications and other products.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Antibiotic Resistance Cause

Overuse of antibiotics in healthcare is the primary driver of antibiotic resistance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria

Specific bacteria, like Staphylococcus aureus, are known for resisting multiple types of antibiotics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Early Cancer Diagnosis Benefit

Early diagnosis leads to higher cure rates and longer survival in cancer patients.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Early Cancer Diagnosis Method

Check-ups, tests before symptoms appear, and screenings are methods used in early cancer diagnosis.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Non-bioprinter/bioink Company

WFIRM is not a bioprinter or bioink company, unlike Organovo, Allevi, EnvisionTEC and CELLINK.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Mutualism Nature Example

Bees pollinating flowers is an example of mutualism in nature—both benefit.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impact of Mutualism on Ecosystems

Mutualism promotes biodiversity and stability within ecosystems.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cas9 Enzyme Duty

Cas9 enzyme is a tool for gene editing and modification in cells.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

History of Science

  • UV radiation and lightning combined energy to form macromolecules from simple molecules (CH4, NH3, PO4, salts and H2O).
  • Ribozymes, RNA, were the earliest self-replicating organisms.
  • Early life forms were prokaryotes and anaerobic heterotrophs.
  • Mutation from UV radiation led to predatory life forms.
  • Chemosynthesis allowed organisms to create compounds using chemical energy.
  • Photosynthesis utilized light energy for compound creation.
  • Aerobic respiration evolved.
  • Mitochondria became aerobic respirers.
  • Endosymbiosis explained the formation of eukaryotes through prokaryotic uptake.
  • Plastids (in plants) arose from photosynthetic cyanobacteria, and flagella arose from spirochete-like bacteria.

Research

  • Research is a systematic process of asking and answering questions.

  • Research involves procedures, steps to follow for a solution, and empirical evidence (observations and descriptions).

  • Research is objective, logical, cyclic, and requires courage and patience.

  • Steps in Research

    • Question: A question needing an answer.
    • Hypothesis: A tentative solution (as no evidence exists).
    • Literature Review: Review of existing solutions to see if they answer the question or need revision or discarding.
    • Evaluation: Further research.
    • Data Gathering: Data is collected for research.
    • Data Analysis: Data is analyzed.
    • Data Interpretation: Data is interpreted to draw conclusions.
    • Hypothesis Support: Support or rejection of the hypothesis, and creation of a new hypothesis, which is self-correcting.
    • Scientific Method: Proper observation, experimentation, and interpretation.

Research Types

  • Primary research: New data not previously reported.
  • Secondary research: Data from other researchers (existing data).
  • Basic research: Studying natural phenomena (pure science—e.g., cell study, animal experiments).
  • Clinical trials: Testing treatment effectiveness.

Other Information

  • Qualitative research: Non-numerical, descriptive (using words).
  • Quantitative research: Numerical, non-descriptive (using numbers and statistics). Results are often presented as graphs and tables.
  • Qualitative and quantitative research can be mixed.
  • Exploratory research: Investigations into new phenomena without definite answers.
  • Longitudinal research: Data collection at multiple points in time (following a population's trend).
  • Cohort studies: Data collection for a subset (group) over an extended period.
  • Cross-sectional research: Data gathering once (e.g., surveys).

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Scientific Foundations of Medicine PDF

Description

This quiz explores the development of early life forms and the evolution of complex organisms through scientific principles. It also delves into the systematic nature of research, emphasizing the methods used to gather and analyze empirical evidence. Test your knowledge on these fundamental concepts in science and research!

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser