Biology Chapter 1 & 2 Overview

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Questions and Answers

What type of bond is formed between a purine and a pyrimidine?

Peptide bond

Covalent bond

Ionic bond

Hydrogen bond (correct)

Which of the following has the simplest structure?

Oligosaccharide

Polysaccharide

Disaccharide

Monosaccharide (correct)

What is the primary characteristic that differentiates disaccharides from polysaccharides?

Solubility in water

Type of bonds that link the sugars

Presence of glucose

Number of sugar units (correct)

Which of the following combinations of sugar units forms a disaccharide?

All of the above Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is classified as a polysaccharide?

Starch Signup and view all the answers

What unique property of water allows it to dissolve polar molecules?

Polarity Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH level of pure water?

7 Signup and view all the answers

What type of bonds can water form due to its unique properties?

Hydrogen bonds Signup and view all the answers

At what temperature does water evaporate?

100°C Signup and view all the answers

Why is water's high heat capacity significant?

It maintains temperature stability Signup and view all the answers

What does polarity refer to in a molecule like water?

Unequal distribution of electrical charge Signup and view all the answers

What substance does water most effectively dissolve?

Ionic compounds Signup and view all the answers

What factor is NOT a result of water's polar nature?

Low boiling point Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes water's effect on temperature regulation?

It absorbs heat without a significant increase in temperature. Signup and view all the answers

Which property enables water to form droplets on surfaces?

Cohesion Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a hypothesis in scientific research?

It is an educated guess that explains one or more observations. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a scientific theory?

A well-supported explanation based on a broad body of research. Signup and view all the answers

How does Darwinism explain the diversity of life forms?

By describing how organisms have changed over time and acquired new forms. Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT one of the basic characteristics of life?

Inability to adapt Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of scientific reasoning in developing a theory?

To consistently explain and predict natural phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following steps is typically involved in scientific research?

Observing, hypothesizing, experimenting, and concluding. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key difference between a hypothesis and a theory?

A hypothesis is simpler and based on little evidence, whereas a theory is complex and well-supported. Signup and view all the answers

What process involves adding hydrogen atoms to unsaturated fats?

Hydrogenation Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true about biological evolution?

It describes the process of species adapting to their environments over time. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a water-soluble substance?

It dissolves in water but is not stored in the body. Signup and view all the answers

What is a basic unit that can link to form a larger structure called a polymer?

Monomer Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes ATP's role in the cell?

It acts as a primary energy currency. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds serves as an electron carrier in cellular reactions?

NAD+ Signup and view all the answers

What defines a phospholipid's structure?

It has a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes a polypeptide?

It is a molecule made of many joined amino acids. Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes tertiary structure from secondary structure in proteins?

Tertiary structure refers to the final folded shape of the protein. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of primary protein structure?

It consists of the sequence of amino acids linked by peptide bonds. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of denaturation of a protein?

The protein loses its unique three-dimensional shape. Signup and view all the answers

What best describes peptide bonds?

They are formed between the amino group of one amino acid and the carboxyl group of another. Signup and view all the answers

Which level of protein structure describes the aggregation of two or more polypeptide chains?

Quaternary structure Signup and view all the answers

In which structural level do the alpha helices and beta sheets primarily occur?

Secondary structure Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of digestive enzymes?

To break down food into smaller, absorbable molecules Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following pairs represents base pairing rules in DNA?

Adenine - Thymine Signup and view all the answers

What defines a membrane-spanning domain in a protein?

A protein domain that crosses the cell membrane Signup and view all the answers

What happens to a protein during denaturation?

It unfolds and loses its structure and function Signup and view all the answers

How do hydrogenation and trans fatty acids differ?

Hydrogenation is a process that creates trans fatty acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of enzymes?

They are biological catalysts that speed up reactions Signup and view all the answers

What role does the cell membrane play in a cell?

It acts as a barrier between the cell and the exterior environment Signup and view all the answers

What is cystic fibrosis primarily characterized by?

An accumulation of thick mucus affecting respiratory and digestive systems Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Chapter 1

Basic characteristics of life include: sensitivity to stimuli, growth, ordered complexity, reproduction, energy utilization (take in and use energy), and homeostasis (maintain constant internal conditions).
Scientific research involves forming hypotheses, testing them through experiments/observations, and drawing conclusions.
Theory is an interconnected set of concepts supported by scientific reasoning, while hypothesis is an educated guess.
Darwinism describes biological evolution, explaining how organisms change over time and diversify.
Darwin's books, "On the Origin of Species" and "The Voyage of the Beagle," discussed natural selection and biological evolution.
The human genome project aimed to map the human DNA sequence.
Descriptive science involves observing, recording, describing, and classifying.

Chapter 2

Matter is any substance with mass and occupies space.
Atoms are the smallest units of an element, while molecules are groups of two or more atoms.
Protons, located in the nucleus, have a positive charge; electrons, located in orbitals around the nucleus, have a negative charge; and neutrons have no charge.
Isotopes are atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
Ions are atoms with unequal numbers of protons and electrons.
Monomers are repeating units; polymers are large molecules made from monomers.
Isomers are compounds with the same molecular formula but different arrangement of atoms.
Reduction-oxidation (redox) reactions involve the gain or loss of electrons. Oxidation is the loss of electrons; reduction is the gain of electrons.
Chemical bonds are attractions that hold atoms together in molecules. Types include ionic, covalent (single, double, triple), and hydrogen bonds.

Chapter 3

Functional groups are specific groups of atoms that influence the chemical properties of compounds.
Macromolecules (carbohydrates, nucleic acids, proteins, lipids) are large molecules made up of smaller, repeating units.
Chitin, starch, cellulose, and amylose are examples of carbohydrates with different structures and functions.
Dehydration reaction removes water to combine monomers; hydrolysis reaction adds water to break down polymers.
Valence electrons are electrons in the outer shell of an atom that determine bonding behavior.
Amino acids are monomers of proteins, joined together by peptide bonds.
Organic molecules primarily contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.

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Description

This quiz covers the fundamental characteristics of life, including sensitivity to stimuli, reproduction, and energy utilization. It also introduces scientific research concepts such as hypotheses and theories, along with foundational topics in matter and atomic structure. Test your understanding of these essential biology concepts!