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Questions and Answers
What is believed to be the cause of diseases in ancient times?
What was the primary reason for the development of sanitary engineering in ancient cities?
Who is credited with noting the effects of food, occupation, and climate on disease?
Which ancient civilization built public fountains?
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When did the practice of vaccination become prevalent?
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What significant event occurred in Europe during the 14th century?
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What was believed to prevent the spread of bacterial infection?
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Who identified the polluted public water well as the source of the 1854 cholera epidemic in London?
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What was the focus of public health in the 20th century?
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What is one of the challenges of modern public health?
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What is the goal of the new public health?
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What is one of the services received by the individual at the level of clientele?
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Who founded the science of epidemiology?
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When did Edwin Chadwick start modern public health?
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What are the first to suffer from socio-economic difficulties and political upheavals in a country?
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What is the primary cause of blindness among Filipino children?
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What is the individual considered as in working with the whole family?
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What is the common problem among females seven years old and above, as well as pregnant and lactating mothers?
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What is the definition of a family according to Burgess (1963) and Friedman (1992)?
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Who are the Children in Especially Difficult Circumstances (CEDC)?
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What are the two major functions of the family?
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What is the leading cause of morbidity among Elderly Filipinos according to DOH (1997)?
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What is the first health task of the family identified by Freeman (1981)?
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What is a community according to the definition?
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How many elderly Filipinos were there in 1997?
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What is a population group or aggregate?
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What is an example of a population group or aggregate?
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What is the average difference in lifespan between females and males in the Philippines?
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What is the role of the family in community health?
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What is the purpose of identifying the health tasks of the family?
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Study Notes
History of Public Health
- Public health began when Homo Sapiens started communal living
- Diseases were believed to be caused by evil spirits, leading to the presence of Shamans
- Sanitary engineering was required due to the exigencies of urban living, not considerations of health and disease
- Ancient civilizations built infrastructure to promote public health, such as Rome's aqueducts, Athens' public fountains, and the Middle East's sewerage system
- Hippocrates noted the effects of food, occupation, and climate in causing disease, laying the foundation for a science-based public health
Development of Public Health
- The practice of vaccination did not become prevalent until the 1820s following Edward Jenner's work on smallpox
- During the 14th century, the Black Death led to the development of quarantine in the medieval period
- John Snow identified polluted public water as the source of the 1854 cholera epidemic in London, founding the science of Epidemiology
- Edwin Chadwick's work in 1843 marked the inception of modern public health
- Luis Pasteur developed vaccines in 1880
20th Century Public Health
- Focus shifted to chronic diseases like cancer and heart diseases
- Emphasis was placed on physical exercise
- Vaccination and control of infectious diseases, occupational safety policies, improved family planning, and fluoridation of water became key public health measures
- Anti-smoking campaigns were launched
Challenges of Modern Public Health
- Increased incidence of HIV/AIDS among young heterosexual men and women
- Emergence of SARS, H1N1, H5N1, and other infectious diseases
- Rising incidence of childhood obesity
- Impact of adolescent pregnancy
The New Public Health
- Seeks to address health inequalities by advocating for population-based policies that improve health in an equitable manner
- Focuses on disease control, injury prevention, health protection, and health public policy, including environmental hazards
Levels of Clientele
Individual
- Receives services like prenatal supervision, well-child follow-ups, morbidity services, and health education
- Considered the "entry point" in working with the whole family
Family
- Defined as a group of persons joined together by bonds of marriage, blood, or adoption
- Two major functions: reproduction and socialization
- Health tasks: recognizing health interruptions, seeking healthcare, managing health crises, providing nursing care, and maintaining a healthy environment
- Health tasks form the basis for identifying family nursing problems
Population Group
- A group of people sharing common characteristics, developmental stage, or environmental factors, resulting in common health problems
- Examples: children, men, women, farmers, factory workers, commercial workers, prisoners, military men, and the elderly
Children
- Particularly vulnerable to socio-economic difficulties and political upheavals
- Leading ailments: dental caries, intestinal helminthiasis, colds, pediculosis, upper RTI, enlarged glands, tinea flava, protein-energy malnutrition, error of refraction, and otitis media
- Malnutrition is common, particularly protein-energy malnutrition
- Vitamin A deficiency is a primary cause of blindness among Filipino children
Children in Especially Difficult Circumstances (CEDC)
- Need immediate attention from government and concerned groups due to the magnitude and urgency of their problems
- Include neglected children, street children, those with impairments or disabilities, drug-abusing children, working children, and children in cultural communities with multiple health problems
Elderly
- In 1997, there were approximately 3.5 million elderly Filipinos
- Females outnumber males, living an average of 4 years longer
- Leading causes of morbidity among the elderly: influenza, respiratory problems, cardiovascular problems, malignant neoplasm, and accidents
Community
- A group of people sharing common geographic boundaries and/or values and interests
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Description
Explore the origins of public health, from ancient times to modern developments, and discover how communities have addressed health and disease throughout history.
