Lec-1.-History-of-Public-Health.ppt

Community And Public Health Sherlyn M. Dizon RN, MAN Clinical instructor History of Public Health  The history of Public health began when Homo Sapiens started communal living Diseases are caused by evil spirits Thus the presence of Shamans  It was the exige...

Community And Public Health Sherlyn M. Dizon RN, MAN Clinical instructor History of Public Health  The history of Public health began when Homo Sapiens started communal living Diseases are caused by evil spirits Thus the presence of Shamans  It was the exigencies of urban living, not considerations of health and disease, that required sanitary engineering  Rome built aqueducts to transport water Athens built public fountains Middle East – sewerage system  Hippocrates noted the effects of food, occupation and esp climate in causing disease His book served as a guide to the establishment of a science based public health.  Roman times – proper diversion of human waste was a necessary tenet of public health in urban areas The practice of vaccination did not become prevalent until the 1820’s following the work of Edward Jenner to treat small pox  During the 14th century, Black Death in Europe. It was believed that removing bodies of the dead would further prevent the spread of bacterial infection  The development of quarantine in the medieval period helped mitigate the effects of other infectious diseases Cholera pandemic devastated Europe in 1829 and 1851  The science of Epidemiology was founded by John Snow’s identification of polluted public water well as the source of 1854 cholera epidemic in London He believed in the germ theory of disease  1843 – Edwin Chadwick inception of modern public health 1880 – Luis Pasteur’s development of vaccines  20th century – public health more focused on chronic diseases such as cancer and heart diseases Introduced emphasis on physical exercise  20th century Modern Public health Vaccination and control of infectious diseases Occupational safety policies Improved family planning Flouridation of water Anti smoking campaign Challenges of Modern Public Health Increased incidence of HIV AIDS among young heterosexual men and women Emergence of SARS, H1N1, H5N1 Increased incidence of childhood obesity Impact of adolescent pregnancy The new Public Health Seeks to address health inequalities by advocating for population-based policies that improved health in an equitable manner.  Disease control Injury prevention Health protection Health public policy including those in relation to environmental hazards such as in the workplace, housing, food, water, etc. Promotion of health and equitable weight gain. Levels of Clientele  Individual What are the services received by the individual? prenatal supervision well-child follow-ups morbidity services blood sugar and blood pressure monitoring follow-ups school health consultation workplace visit conference community-based activities such as case finding, screening, health education class, nutrition campaign and promotion of healthy lifestyle. REMEMBER! *** The individual is considered as the “entry point” in working with the whole family.  B. FAMILY What is a family? Family has been defined as a number of persons joined together by bonds of marriage, blood or adoption (Burges 1963, in Friedman, 1992:8). Friedman (1992:9) defines a family to be composed of “two or more persons who are joined together by bonds of sharing and emotional closeness and who identify themselves as being part of the family”. It is considered as the basic unit of care in community What are the two major function of the family? a) Reproduction b) Socialization  What are the health tasks of the family identified by Freeman (1981)? Recognizing interruptions of health or development Seeking health care Managing health and non-health crises Providing nursing care to the sick, disabled and dependent member of the family Maintaining a home environment conducive to good health and personal development and, Maintaining a reciprocal relationship with the community and health institutions. ***These health tasks are the bases in identifying family nursing problems.  C. POPULATION GROUP What is population group or aggregate? A population group or aggregate (Clark 1995:5) is a group of people who share common characteristics, developmental stage or common exposure to particular environmental factors, thus resulting in common health problems. Some of these groups are: children, men, women, farmers, factory workers, commercial workers, prisoners, military men, and elderly. 1. Children- are the first to suffer from socio-economic difficulties and political upheavals in a country.  What are the (10) Leading Ailments/Defects among School Children? 1. Dental caries 2. Intestinal helminthiasis 3. Colds 4. Pediculosis 5. Upper RTI 6. enlarged glands 7. tinea flava 8. Protein-energy malnutrition 9. error of refraction 10. otitis media  Remember! Malnutrition is very common among children, particularly protein-energy malnutrition. Vitamin A is the primary cause of blindness among Filipino children. 17 children become permanently blind everyday in the Philippines (National Health Objectives, 1999). Iodine deficiency that results in mental and growth retardation are common in females seven years old and above as it is in pregnant and lactating mothers (Philippine Plan of Action for Nutrition).  Children in Especially Difficult Circumstances (CEDC) Deserve immediate attention from government and other concerned groups because of the magnitude and urgency of their problems. Who are these children in especially difficult circumstances? Neglected by their parents street children those with some form of impairment or disability those who abuse drugs, working children children in cultural communities who have multiple health problems 2. Elderly - in 1997, there were about 3.5 million elderly Filipinos. Females outnumber the males because, on the average, the former live 4 years longer than the latter. According to DOH (1997), what are the leading causes of morbidity among Elderly? Influenza Respiratory problems such as Tuberculosis, bronchitis and pneumonia Cardiovascular problems such as hypertension and diseases of the heart Malignant neoplasm Accidents 3. COMMUNITY What is a community? The community is a group of people sharing common geographic boundaries and/or common values and interests. It functions within a particular socio-cultural context, which means that no two communities are alike. The physical environment varies, and so with the people’s way of behaving and coping.