310 Questions
In early societies, who were primarily responsible for maintaining order and protecting themselves?
Citizens
When did modern-style police departments first appear in England?
Nineteenth century
What was the role of the Praetorian Guard established by the Roman emperor Augustus?
Protecting the palace and the emperor
What specialized unit, referred to as 'trackers of murder,' was created by the Romans around the fifth century BCE?
Questors
What responsibilities were given to the Vigiles in Rome?
Firefighting and law enforcement
What was the significance of the fasces carried by the lictors in ancient Rome?
Symbol of their absolute authority over life and limb
What did the Maréchausée evolve into in France?
Gendarmerie Nationale
In what century did kings on the European continent begin to take responsibility for law administration?
Twelfth and thirteenth centuries
Which city had both armed, professional police credited with keeping it safe and orderly by the eighteenth century?
Munich
What was the role of tithings in King Alfred's system of mutual pledge?
Protecting one another and assuming group responsibility
Who was responsible for overseeing a hundred in King Alfred's security system?
Constable
What was the primary responsibility of the shire-reeve in King Alfred's system?
Governing the shire under the king's control
What was the primary method for people to police their own communities in early English criminal justice systems?
Raising the hue and cry
What was the main responsibility of the watchmen in the Statute of Winchester?
Enforcing the criminal law
What was the purpose of establishing the office of parish constable according to the text?
To supervise the watch and ward
Why were magistrates created in seventeenth-century England?
To preside in courts and order arrests
Who were thief-takers in seventeenth-century England?
Private citizens paid to arrest criminals
What activities were thief-takers primarily responsible for combating?
Highway robbery
What legendary outlaws were associated with highway robbery in seventeenth-century England?
Robin Hood and Little John
What did thief-takers receive as rewards for arresting criminals in seventeenth-century England?
$1,000, arms, horse, and property of the criminal
What was NOT a major responsibility of seventeenth-century thief-takers in England?
Organizing community events
Why were watchmen required to patrol the streets from dusk until dawn according to the text?
To ensure all citizens were indoors and quiet during nighttime
What was a risk faced by thief-takers during the eighteenth century?
Dangers of violent retaliation from the criminals and their associates
What method did some thief-takers employ to catch criminals and split the fee?
Seducing young individuals to commit crimes and then arresting them
How did some criminals secure a pardon for their own crimes during the eighteenth century?
Agreeing to become thief-takers to capture other criminals
What was one of the outcomes of the thief-taker system during the eighteenth century?
The creation of more crime rather than its suppression
What action by Henry Fielding contributed to the establishment of the first modern police force?
Establishing relationships with local pawnbrokers
What role did the Bow Street Runners play in London during the eighteenth century?
Acting as a small investigative unit against crime
Why was there resistance towards establishing a formal police department in London in the 18th century?
Fear that it would threaten traditional freedom
What led to the disbandment of the civilian horse patrol established in London in 1763?
Lack of public funds and support
What was the outcome of Patrick Colquhoun's lobbying efforts for a large, organized police force in London?
Strong public support for a comprehensive police force
What was unique about the Marine Police established in London in 1798?
It was publicly funded and patterned after the Bow Street Runners
Who is considered the founder of modern policing?
Sir Robert Peel
What was one of the main beliefs of early London police officers?
Secure public cooperation through law observance
What were the distinctive uniforms of the first London Metropolitan Police officers?
Royal blue coats, white trousers, and top hats
What was the main reason behind establishing a large civil police department in London?
To manage the challenges arising from the Industrial Revolution
What did Peel's Nine Principles emphasize about police actions?
The absence of crime and disorder is a measure of efficiency
What concept did Peel, Rowan, and Mayne consider crucial for the success of the new police force?
Mutual respect between police and citizens
Which document established the first large-scale, organized, paid civil police force in London?
The Metropolitan Police Act
What was Colquhoun's force known for in England?
Being the first uniformed civil police department in England
What type of relationship did Peel believe should exist between police and the public?
One where there is mutual respect and cooperation
What principle states that police efficiency is measured by the absence of crime and disorder?
Principle 9: Absence of crime and disorder
Why did Peel structure the new police force along military lines?
To instill discipline and organization within the force
What was one of the main focuses of Peel's principles and the concepts of community policing?
Development of positive relationships and cooperation
How did the beat system differ from the patrols of Paris police?
Paris police were assigned to small permanent posts.
Why was developing a professional and disciplined force a challenge for the new police according to Thomas Reppetto?
High turnover rate due to dismissals and resignations
What was Rowan's responsibility in the efforts to instil military discipline on the new police department?
Instilling military discipline
What event led to a shift in public sentiment in favor of the new police despite initial resistance?
An officer's tragic death in a riot
What did Lucia Zedner highlight as a similarity between law enforcement before Peel's time and contemporary policing post-9/11?
Generalized insecurity and demands for protection
Which statement reflects Lucia Zedner's comparison between pre-Peel era protective efforts and modern community participation in policing?
'Both eras enlisted individuals and community organizations in self-protection.'
'Although the state can no longer claim a monopoly over policing [today],' what responsibility must it still retain according to Lucia Zedner?
'Maintaining public interest in policing measures'
'Zedner points out that today we use private security companies to police neighborhoods, businesses, and commercial areas,' paralleling a practice from which century?
"Eighteenth century"
What element helped shift public opinion in favor of the police after initial resistance?
A jury's verdict in a murder trial.
What was one of Peel’s main contributions to policing that influenced law enforcement in England?
Establishment of a civil police department.
What was the preferred policing style in the North according to the text?
Self-defense posture
Which law enforcement official was most important in the northern colonies?
County sheriff
In what year did the city of Boston establish the first colonial night watch?
1631
What was the role of sheriffs in law enforcement in the North?
Collected taxes and supervised elections
What was the primary responsibility of Tennessee's slave patrols?
Administering through county courts
In what way did Kentucky's slave patrol system differ from others in the region?
Worked 24/7 in some counties
What was a common feature of American urban and frontier policing experiences in the 18th century?
Brutal and corrupt practices
What was a significant social problem arising from the tremendous migration to large American cities in the early 19th century?
Enormous levels of crime and disorder
What was the responsibility of the New York night watch in the mid-1700s?
Preventing nocturnal tumult
What did the first organized American police department in the North consist of?
Only eight members initially
Who was primarily responsible for protection against crime in the southern American colonies?
Individual citizens
What responsibility did New York City police officers have until 1853 besides law enforcement?
Public health maintenance
What social control system was prominent in many early American colonies to maintain the institution of slavery?
Slave patrols
When were New York City police officers fully required to wear uniforms?
1859
Which characteristic best describes the role of slave patrols in the southern American colonies?
Supporting white population against slave insurrections
Why were New York City police officers initially hesitant to wear their copper stars?
'Targets' for criminals
In early 1700s Maryland and Virginia, what did the slave codes define black slaves as?
Property forbidden to engage in certain activities
Which city established a London-style police department in 1845 under Mayor William F. Havermeyer?
What was the primary purpose of developing southern police departments in support of slavery?
Preventing slave rebellions
According to Sam Walker, what was a significant aspect of slave patrols in the American South?
'In some respects, the first modern forces in this country.'
What legal authority did slave masters have over their slaves according to the slave codes?
'Physical discipline and punishment'
'Slave codes were designed to ensure the economic survival of southern society.' What did this entail?
'Preventing slave runaways and insurrections'
'Slaves had no rights as citizens' according to the text. Why was this significant?
'To ensure economic dominance of whites'
What impact did the establishment of new police departments in cities like Chicago and New Orleans have on constables and sheriffs?
They were relieved of patrol and investigative duties.
What was a common characteristic of nineteenth-century American policing?
Controlled by local politicians
What event led to the replacement of the corrupt New York City police force by the Metropolitan Police in 1857?
A clash at New York's City Hall
Why was police work considered highly desirable in the late 1800s compared to other blue-collar jobs?
It paid more than most other blue-collar jobs
What was one of the main responsibilities of nineteenth-century police officers according to the text?
To protect private property and enforce political agendas
How did politics influence the hiring of police officers in nineteenth-century America?
'Right connections' could secure hiring despite lack of qualifications
What was a significant obstacle for developing a professional and disciplined police force according to Thomas Reppetto?
'Graft and evasion of duty' taught by experienced officers
How did job security for police officers differ from other professions in nineteenth-century America?
'New political party' control led to frequent firings
What was Robert M. Fogelson's criticism regarding the impact of politicians on the police during the nineteenth century?
'Confusion' and 'sloth' regularly shown by law enforcement
'Ignorance, poor health, or old age was no barrier to employment.' Who noted this aspect regarding hiring practices in nineteenth-century policing?
Walker
What was Luc Sante's criticism about the history of New York police during the nineteenth century?
Brutality, corruption, complacency, confusion, sloth
What was the largest law enforcement organization in the United States before the widespread creation of police departments in the North?
Charleston's slave patrol
During the Civil War, which Southern city experienced a doubling in the size of its police department due to being a major railroad hub and supply center for Confederate forces?
Atlanta
What was the most popular crime in Atlanta during the Civil War, involving activities like white rowdyism and theft?
Larceny and burglary
What was the greatest challenge facing Atlanta police leaders during the Civil War regarding recruitment?
Finding trustworthy men
In which Southern city were large numbers of black officers hired on the police force for a brief time post-Civil War?
Montgomery, Alabama
What type of law enforcement officers were usually the only ones available on the American frontier?
County Sheriffs and Town Marshals
What did life on the American frontier involve in terms of law enforcement?
Locally elected sheriffs and town marshals as primary enforcers
What type of law enforcement officers did early settlers mainly rely on to maintain order on the American frontier?
County Sheriffs and Town Marshals
What did the towns on the American frontier appoint to maintain order alongside county sheriffs?
Town Marshals
Which Southern state hired blacks on their police departments as a response to Reconstruction demands?
Georgia
What was one of the main challenges faced by Atlanta police during recruitment in the Civil War?
Finding suitable and reliable candidates
Why did many Southern police officials return to their prewar positions post-Civil War?
Tradition favored their previous roles
What was a common duty of slave patrols in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky?
Inspecting plantations monthly
In what year did Tennessee's slave patrol system start, and how often were they required to inspect plantations?
1753, quarterly
What was a significant difference in how Kentucky used its slave patrol system compared to other regions?
Patrolled for highwaymen
During the 18th century, what was the most common form of law enforcement in urban areas?
Constables in the daytime and watch at night
What is one significant social problem that arose from the tremendous migration to large American cities in the early 19th century?
Increased crime and disorder
When was the first organized American police department in the North established?
1838
What was the primary role of police officers in New York City until 1853 besides law enforcement?
Public health maintenance
"Destructive rascality stalks at large in our streets" suggests that in 1840 New York City was facing issues related to:
"Lawless violence"
What was a significant reason for police officers in large cities becoming enmeshed in the crime they were expected to suppress?
To secure political support and stay in office
What was a characteristic of most big-city police departments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as mentioned in the text?
Instances of brutality and racial discrimination
What led to the arming of New York City police officers in 1858?
A police officer shooting a fleeing felon
What historical event prompted police officers in Boston to start arming themselves?
A similar incident to one in New York involving a fleeing felon
How did officers in the early 1900s typically call for assistance or instructions?
Using Morse code on telegraph machines
What negative perception did citizens of the nineteenth century hold about police officers?
They were greatly despised as political hacks
Why did some early police officers rely on brute force while patrolling their beats?
To establish dominance over local toughs
What significant shift occurred in policing due to public health and social welfare responsibilities being transferred in the late nineteenth century?
'Officers' duties became more focused on law enforcement'
What was the main purpose of the posse comitatus mentioned in the text?
To serve as a legalized form of vigilantism
Why did the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 give marshals the power to call upon the militia?
To assist them in performing their civil duties
What authority did Congress gain in 1861 regarding law enforcement?
The ability to pass laws empowering the president to call upon the militia or regular army for law enforcement
What role did the military play in assisting civilian authorities in both the North and South?
Acting as a formalized federal marshal's posse
Which law enforcement organization was the leading voice of police reform during the first few decades of the twentieth century?
IACP
Who was the first president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1893?
Richard Sylvester
Which technological advancement revolutionized police work by enabling rapid response to calls for service and emergencies?
Two-way radio
What did the creation of the Pendleton Act in 1883 establish for law enforcement officers?
Civil service system
In what decade did the widespread use of the patrol car begin in American police departments?
1920s
Which police leader attempted to reform the New York City police department between 1895 and 1897?
Theodore Roosevelt
What effect did the use of motorized patrol cars have on the relationship between police officers and the community?
Distanced police from the community
What was one of the primary roles of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in early twentieth-century police reform?
Advocating for civil service systems.
What event caused the Boston police strike of 1919?
The lagging salaries of police officers compared to other professions
What did the Wickersham Commission Report criticize about the Volstead Act?
It was not enforced because it was unenforceable
What did the Wickersham Commission Report find lacking in police forces during its study?
Adequate communication systems or equipment
What did the National Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment) forbid?
Manufacture and sale of alcohol
What was the primary purpose of the Posse Comitatus Act of 1879?
To restrict the military from enforcing civilian law
What action did Governor Calvin Coolidge take in response to the Boston police strike of 1919?
He mobilized the state militia against the striking officers
What was the main function of the Texas Rangers when Texas was part of the Republic?
To serve as a border patrol against Mexico
What did organized crime families mainly focus on after the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933?
Illegal gambling
What distinguishes private police agencies like Pinkerton's National Detective Agency from public law enforcement?
They operated independently and were hired by various entities
According to George W. Wickersham, what was extensively practiced by some police officers during investigations?
'The third degree'—inflicting pain for confessions
What did the Rocky Mountain Detective Association primarily focus on during the late nineteenth century?
Apprehending bank and train robbers in the Southwest
'Lawlessness in Law Enforcement' by August Vollmer depicted police as:
Inept, inefficient, racist, and brutal
What led to the widespread creation of state police agencies outside the Southwest starting in 1905?
An initiative by Pennsylvania to establish its own state police agency
What was a significant outcome of President Hoover's creation of the Wickersham Commission?
A national study on law enforcement practices was conducted for the first time
What was a key responsibility of private police agencies like Wells Fargo and Company?
Protecting shipments of valuable cargo like gold
What was one lasting effect of the Boston police strike of 1919?
Decades without police unionism following the strike
What was a significant role played by the New Mexico Mounted Patrol starting from 1905?
Guarding against cattle thievery on the Rio Grande
What differentiated state police agencies like the Texas Rangers from private detective agencies like Pinkerton's?
Origins as border patrols for specific territories
How did Pinkerton's National Detective Agency differ from Wells Fargo and Company in terms of tasks undertaken?
Pinkerton's were involved in suppressing labor organizations while Wells Fargo focused on protecting shipments.
What was a common focus shared by private police agencies like Wells Fargo and state police agencies such as the New Mexico Mounted Patrol?
Combating cattle thievery and controlling outlaw activities
What event in Los Angeles in 1991 and the subsequent jury verdict in 1992 reignited strained racial conditions in the United States?
The beating of Rodney King and the acquittal of the police officers
How did the use of police by government officials during the civil rights movement impact community relations?
It left a wound in community relations that still has not healed
What was the outcome of the 1992 jury verdict acquitting the four Los Angeles police officers charged with Rodney King's beating?
It triggered riots in Los Angeles and other cities
Who is credited with pioneering the use of advanced training for police officers in the United States?
O.W. Wilson
Which police chief can be considered the father of modern American policing?
August Vollmer
What was one of the significant contributions of Raymond Blaine Fosdick to policing in the early 20th century?
Conducted scholarly research on European and American police systems
Which early pioneer in police professionalism focused on developing scientific crime detection techniques?
August Vollmer
Who was known for advocating the replacement of foot patrols with one-person auto patrols for maximizing patrol coverage?
O.W. Wilson
Which individual contributed significantly to the establishment of the School of Criminology at the University of California at Berkeley?
August Vollmer
3
Conducted scholarly research on European and American police systems
Which early pioneer in police professionalism focused on developing scientific crime detection techniques?
August Vollmer
Who was known for advocating replacing foot patrols with one-person auto patrols to maximize patrol coverage?
O.W. Wilson
Which individual contributed significantly to establishing the School of Criminology at the University of California at Berkeley?
August Vollmer
Who was appointed as the director of the FBI upon the retirement of the bureau’s director in 1924?
J. Edgar Hoover
What was one of J. Edgar Hoover's major contributions during his leadership at the FBI?
Creation of the FBI Ten Most Wanted Criminals Program
Who chaired the U.S. Senate’s Crime Committee created in 1950?
Senator Estes Kefauver
Why did politicians opt for police reform in the 1950s according to David R. Johnson?
In response to fear about crime and law enforcement corruption
What marked a turning point in the history of professionalism according to David R. Johnson?
Politicians choosing between traditional and new policing models
During the 1960s and 1970s, what major social issue placed police at the center of tension and change?
Racial equality struggles
What role did the Supreme Court play in protecting arrested persons during the 1960s?
Protecting arrested persons from oppressive police practices
How did James Q. Wilson describe the decade of the 1960s in relation to policing?
'A decade that fell apart'
What characterized policing during the 1960s and 1970s according to the text?
'The most turbulent era in U.S. policing history'
What was the significance of the Supreme Court's use of the exclusionary rule in police-related cases?
It allowed guilty defendants to go free due to police procedural errors.
In what landmark case did the Supreme Court establish the right to counsel during police interrogations?
Escobedo v. Illinois (1964)
How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 impact the relationship between the police and civil rights demonstrators?
It led to mass arrests of civil rights demonstrators.
Which event led President John F. Kennedy to send U.S. marshals and armed forces to Mississippi?
James Meredith enrolled at the University of Mississippi.
What was the symbolic significance of a white uniformed police officer standing behind Martin Luther King, Jr. during his 'I have a dream' speech?
Police officers were acting as defenders rather than oppressors.
What impact did Eugene 'Bull' Connor’s actions have on police–minority group relationships?
Caused negative press and strained relationships.
Why were civil rights demonstrators stopped by Alabama state police at the Edmund Petus Bridge during a peaceful march in Selma?
Due to violent white mobs attacking the marchers.
'Destructive rascality stalks at large in our streets' in 1840 New York City refers to:
Issues related to law enforcement in New York City.
What historical document mentions the right of the people to alter or abolish a government if it becomes destructive?
Declaration of Independence
In addressing violent civil disobedience, what defensive formation did U.S. law enforcement adopt that is similar to what was used in early Roman society?
Defensive square
How has the media impacted confrontations between demonstrators and the police?
Altered public perception of the police
What key role have the founding fathers of the United States played in relation to civil disobedience?
Laying out reasons for civil disobedience
What significant impact did the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) have in the 1960s?
Coordinating student civil rights protests
Why did college administrators call local police departments during campus protests in the 1960s?
To maintain order on campus
What tactic was NOT used by students during campus protests in the 1960s?
Peaceful negotiations with authorities
In what year did the state of civil disorder get declared in Berkeley, California?
1968
What was the outcome of the student takeover at Columbia University in 1968?
Violent clashes with the police
What action led to a wave of bombings on college campuses in the 1970s?
Firebombing of a University of Wisconsin ROTC building
What sparked the major riots in many U.S. cities during the 1960s?
Direct police actions
Why did some students hurl bottles and bricks at the police during campus protests?
In response to police violence
Which event marked a significant shift in policing due to public health and social welfare responsibilities being transferred?
The Cox Commission report on police actions at Columbia University
What characteristic best describes the role of slave patrols in the southern American colonies?
Enforcing slave codes and ensuring order among slaves
What was one of the main responsibilities of nineteenth-century college administrators during student protests?
Calling local police departments to maintain order on campus
What major events characterized the 1980s and 1990s in policing according to the text?
The first terrorist bombing of New York City's World Trade Center in 1993 and the bombing of the Federal Building in Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, in 1995.
What was one of the positive developments in policing during the 1980s and 1990s?
The birth of community policing and problem-solving policing approaches.
What significant crime reductions occurred in the late twentieth century, as per the text?
A decrease of 7% in violent crimes like homicide, robbery, rape, and aggravated assault.
What factors were attributed to the decline in crime rates by some criminologists?
A mix of factors including community policing and increased jail populations.
Which new concepts of police work emerged during the 1980s and 1990s, according to the text?
Community policing and problem-solving policing approaches.
What was a significant aspect of policing in the late twentieth century, based on the text?
A computer revolution involving communications and record-keeping.
What was the primary cause of the 1964 Harlem riot mentioned in the text?
African American youth threatening with a knife
What was the main source of grievance, tension, and disorder highlighted by the Kerner Commission's report in 1968?
Abrasive relationships between police and minority groups
What was the estimated property damage caused by the Detroit riot in 1967?
$200 million
What led to the establishment of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest?
Increasing unrest on college campuses
What was the impact of the Washington, D.C. riots following Dr. King's murder in 1968?
$25 million in property damage
Which event prompted the creation of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission)?
Escalating racial tensions in urban areas
What did the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice address in its report?
Task force reports on criminal justice reforms
What did the special commission led by William H. Webster study and report on?
Causes of the Los Angeles riots
What was a significant factor that contributed to the establishment of national commissions after the 1960s?
'Us vs. Them' mentality between police and citizens
Which area experienced a gunfight between Korean merchants and black men, leading to a sharp escalation in tensions?
Korea-town section
'Abrasive relationships between police and Negroes' were considered a major source of grievance according to which commission's report?
'National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders'
'Two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal' was a statement from which commission's report?
'National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders'
During the riots, what did convoys of cars carrying young men do when heading out to affluent West Los Angeles and Beverly Hills?
Shouted, brandished hatchets, crowbars, and bottles
What did the tall plumes of smoke rising from burning shops indicate during the first days of the riot?
Widespread fires and destruction
'Our nation is moving toward two societies' was a warning from which commission's report?
'National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders'
What led to the establishment of three national commissions after the 1960s?
Racial discrimination and civil disorder in urban areas.
What is the primary objective of the NYPD after being reengineered by William J. Bratton?
Making reducing crime its primary objective
What is a central component of CompStat, now known as CompStat2.0?
Semi-weekly crime-strategy sessions
What is the essence of the CompStat process mentioned in the text?
Timely and accurate intelligence, effective tactics, rapid deployment, and relentless follow-up
Which type of police unit is focused on addressing extremely serious violent criminal events?
Police Paramilitary Units
What did Kraska and Kappeler find in their survey about U.S. law enforcement agencies regarding police paramilitary units?
More than 70% had PPUs in the early 1990s
What impact did the advent of 24-hour news media and social media have on the distribution of news about police activity?
Allowed for almost real-time distribution of news and videos
What was a negative issue confronting police in the late twentieth century as mentioned in the text?
Continuing debate over police misconduct
How did law enforcement integrate new technology like social media, according to the text?
By assigning media relations officers familiar with technology
What was a noticeable corruption scandal involving New York City's police department in the 1980s?
"Cocaine Cops" scandal
What characterized the violent confrontations between anti-Vietnam War protesters and the police?
Clashes involving use of civil disobedience tactics
What event at the Democratic Party presidential convention in Chicago in 1968 led to police-citizen violence?
Attempted break-in by protesters
What event in Los Angeles may have set the progress of improving community relationships with the police back?
Rodney King incident
'Lawlessness in Law Enforcement' by August Vollmer depicted police as:
'Corrupt and inept'
How were the protesters at the 1968 National Democratic Convention perceived by some observers?
As violent disruptors trying to break up a lawfully gathered assembly
What was the outcome of the Chicago Eight trial in 1969?
'Chicago Eight' were acquitted of all charges
What social issue were campus demonstrations in the 1960s also protesting against?
'Perceived lack of academic freedom' and other issues like the Vietnam War
What was one reason behind campus demonstrations protesting the presence of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) units?
'Perceived military influence' on academic institutions
'Days of Rage' organized by the Weathermen resulted in what during violent rampaging in Chicago?
'Violent rampaging' in the streets
'Walker Report' referred to the incident at the Democratic Party convention in Chicago as what?
'A police riot'
What was the outcome of the criminal trial for the four Los Angeles police officers initially charged with assaulting Rodney King?
They were acquitted in the criminal trial.
What was the supervising officer at the scene, Sergeant Stacey C. Koon, accused of doing during the Rodney King incident?
Using excessive and unjustified force
What led to the start of widespread riots across the United States in 1992?
The acquittal of the officers involved in Rodney King's assault
What was one significant outcome of the riots sparked by the Rodney King case in Los Angeles?
$1 billion in property damage
Which police witness during O.J. Simpson's trial faced issues with credibility due to lying under oath?
Detective Mark Fuhrman
How did many citizens view the acquittal of O.J. Simpson despite scientific evidence against him?
As a jury nullification
What key aspect did some argue about the use of force by officers in Rodney King's case instead of deadly force?
It showed restraint and use of nonlethal alternatives
How did some police officers attempt to stop Rodney King's erratic behavior before resorting to physical force?
$50,000 stun-gun discharges
'Presumed Guilty: The Tragedy of the Rodney King Affair' was a book written by which individual involved in the case?
Sergeant Stacey C. Koon
What shocking incident took place following the Rodney King case allegations, involving a Haitian American prisoner?
Alleged sexual assault by officers
What did one officer eventually face as a result of assaulting Abner Louima?
Conviction and imprisonment
What was one significant impact of the verdict in O.J. Simpson's murder trial?
Resulting in extensive riots
What was the main outcome of the New York Times articles on police corruption?
Resulted in the establishment of the Knapp Commission
Which organization was established as a result of the work of the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
Law Enforcement Assistance Administration
What did the LEAA's Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP) primarily provide funds for?
College education of police officers
Which was one of the significant goals developed by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
Prevent crime
What was a primary benefit of the LEAA to police officers?
Funding college education programs for officers
Which organization joined LEAA as a funding source for research on innovative police projects?
Police Foundation
What led to changes in thinking about how police work is done in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s?
$60 million spent by LEAA in its first year
What was one of LEAA's specific goals developed for controlling crime?
$60 million to support criminal justice research
What major positive trend continued for the police into the 2000s, as mentioned in the text?
Drop in crime rates from the 1960s
Which program, widely adopted by numerous police departments, was mentioned as having reengineered police management using computer maps and crime statistics?
CompStat
What event in 2002 captured the attention of the U.S. public and caused significant fear, as indicated in the text?
Beltway Sniper Case
According to the Police Foundation report, what role did the police take among criminal justice agencies by embracing social science and using it to address problems?
Lead role
What did Bratton advocate for in terms of police behavior?
Controlling behavior to change it
What was a major characteristic of the policing structure Bratton recommended?
Accountability-focused CompStat management principles
What was a consequence of the LAPD corruption scandal in the Rampart division?
Hundreds of falsely obtained convictions were thrown out
What triggered a four-day riot in Cincinnati in 2001?
A white police officer shooting an unarmed man
What impact did the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) shooting have in Oakland, California?
Days of unrest and protests
What significant event happened on September 11, 2001, according to the text?
Terrorist attacks against the United States of America
What impact did the attacks on the World Trade Center have on emergency responders?
Immediate emergency response involving multiple departments
'What significant change was brought about by the 9/11 attacks in terms of policing?' Which of the following options represents the correct answer?
'Increased focus on homeland security'
What did Bratton strongly believe about the role of police officers?
They can control behavior effectively with proper resources and direction
What did Bratton suggest as the quickest way to impact crime rates?
A well-led, managed, and appropriately resourced police force
What characterized the corrupt activities of LAPD's antigang unit members?
Framing hundreds of people, planting evidence, committing perjury
What was a consequence of the LAPD corruption scandal in the Rampart division?
Hundreds of falsely obtained convictions were thrown out of court
What was a significant outcome of the events of Hurricane Katrina as mentioned in the text?
Revealed the deficiencies in handling major disasters by government agencies
Which measure was NOT part of the increased security efforts in New York City after 9/11?
Deployment of military forces on the streets
What role did the National Guard play during Hurricane Katrina?
Aided victims and evacuees
What was a consequence for New Orleans police officers during and after Hurricane Katrina?
Loss of records and files due to flooding
How did the war efforts of 2003 impact social activism in the United States?
Caused massive social protests similar to earlier decades
Which agency assisted in patrolling the Golden Gate Bridge alongside Highway Patrol officers?
National Guard troops
In response to U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, what did citizens in various cities engage in?
Organized street marches and protests
What characterized police conduct in the face of war protests similar to those in the 1960s?
Police caught between officials and protesting citizens
Why did some members of the New Orleans Police Department face criticism following Hurricane Katrina?
For abandoning duties and watching looters without taking action
What was the main function of the Sniper Task Force during the 2002 killing spree?
Simultaneously conducting investigations, preventing incidents, and responding to scenes
Why did Chuck Wexler compare the task force's work to 'changing the tire of a car while it’s moving'?
To illustrate the complexity of their operations
What did Police Chief William Bratton argue about recent criminal justice research at the 2006 NIJ conference?
It was irrelevant and derogatory
According to criminal justice academics, what are considered main causes of crime?
A combination of factors like poverty, economic disparities, and racism
What did the decline in crime rates post-1991 in the U.S. prevent according to Time's report in 2010?
Loss of American lives in combat
How do most law enforcement practitioners view the main cause of crime according to Police Chief Bratton?
As related to human behavior
What did law enforcement practitioners disagree about with academics regarding crime causes?
'Main cause of crime'
'A breakthrough' in U.S. crime rates was mentioned in reference to which year by Time's report in 2010?
'2008'
'Extraordinary' human impact was mentioned in relation to what turnaround in U.S. crime rates by Time's report?
'Murder rate drop'
What significant event marked the beginning of the perceived 'war on police' in the United States?
The attack on the Dallas Police Department in 2016
Which organization aims to end perceived police brutality against African Americans and advocate against disproportionate imprisonment of African Americans?
Black Lives Matter
After the protest in Ferguson, how many new measures addressing issues like body cameras and racial bias training were passed by states according to an analysis by the Associated Press?
40
What movement was established in response to Black Lives Matter and increasing attacks on law enforcement?
Blue Lives Matter
What criticism has been directed at Black Lives Matter for its perceived focus?
Being anti-police
What did some critics of Black Lives Matter question the movement's failure to condemn specifically?
Black-on-black homicides
What is a primary focus of Black Lives Matter according to the text?
Ending perceived police brutality against African Americans
What concept led to the creation of Blue Lives Matter as a movement according to the text?
Concerns over law enforcement safety
What was notable about the officers killed during the Dallas Police Department attack according to the text?
They were securing a Black Lives Matter protest
What key issue does Black Lives Matter aim to address according to the text?
Ending racial profiling and inequality in criminal justice system
What event caused the establishment of the counterterrorism bureau within the New York City Police Department?
The attacks on the U.S. Pentagon
Which agency was established as a result of the Patriot Act and played a major role in security post-9/11?
Department of Homeland Security
Which type of units within law enforcement underwent dramatic preparations similar to military forces due to the Iraq war in 2003?
Counterterrorism units
In which decade did large police departments in the United States start specialized antiterrorism units?
The 2000s
What similarity existed between law enforcement after 9/11 and before Peel's time according to Lucia Zedner?
Use of private security companies for policing
What did many Americans fear about the USA Patriot Act?
It would threaten their civil liberties
Who was in charge of the NYPD's counterterrorism bureau after 9/11?
A retired general from the U.S. Marine Corps
What was one consequence of law enforcement changes post-9/11 detailed in the text?
Heightened security measures at prominent buildings
Study Notes
Early Societies and Order Maintenance
- In early societies, individuals were primarily responsible for maintaining order and protecting themselves.
Ancient Rome and the Praetorian Guard
- The Praetorian Guard was established by the Roman emperor Augustus to serve as his personal bodyguards and maintain order in Rome.
- The Romans created a specialized unit, referred to as "trackers of murder," around the fifth century BCE.
- The Vigiles in Rome were responsible for firefighting, firefighting policing, and maintaining order.
Medieval and Early English Law Enforcement
- In the ninth century, kings on the European continent began to take responsibility for law administration.
- The Maréchausée evolved into a professional police force in France.
- In King Alfred's system, tithings were groups of ten households responsible for policing their own communities.
- A hundred was a grouping of ten tithings, overseen by a hundred-man responsible for maintaining order.
- The shire-reeve was responsible for overseeing the shire and ensuring law and order.
English Criminal Justice System
- The primary method for people to police their own communities was through tithings and hundreds.
- Watchmen were responsible for patrolling the streets from dusk until dawn, according to the Statute of Winchester.
- The office of parish constable was established to maintain order and enforce laws in local communities.
Seveteenth-Century England and Thief-Takers
- Thief-takers were primarily responsible for combating highway robbery and other crimes in seventeenth-century England.
- Thief-takers received rewards for arresting criminals and would often employ methods like entrapment to catch criminals.
- Legendary outlaws like Dick Turpin were associated with highway robbery in seventeenth-century England.
Henry Fielding and the Establishment of the First Modern Police Force
- Henry Fielding's contributions led to the establishment of the first modern police force, the Bow Street Runners, in London during the eighteenth century.
- The Bow Street Runners played a significant role in London, focusing on crime prevention and detection.
Peel's Principles and the London Metropolitan Police
- Sir Robert Peel is considered the founder of modern policing, establishing the London Metropolitan Police in 1829.
- Peel's Nine Principles emphasized that police actions should be guided by the absence of crime and disorder.
- The main reason behind establishing a large civil police department in London was to maintain peace and order.
- Peel structured the new police force along military lines to ensure discipline and professionalism.
Development of American Policing
- The first colonial night watch was established in Boston in 1634.
- Sheriffs played a significant role in law enforcement in the North, particularly in the American colonies.
- Tennessee's slave patrols were responsible for maintaining order and controlling the slave population.
- In the southern American colonies, slave patrols were a common feature of law enforcement, maintaining the institution of slavery.
New York City Policing
- The first organized American police department in the North consisted of a watch system in New York City.
- New York City police officers initially had additional responsibilities, including firefighting, until 1853.
- The city established a London-style police department in 1845 under Mayor William F. Havermeyer.
American Policing in the 19th Century
- The primary purpose of developing southern police departments was to support the institution of slavery.
- Slave codes defined black slaves as property, denying them rights as citizens.
- The establishment of new police departments in cities like Chicago and New Orleans led to the decline of constables and sheriffs.
- Nineteenth-century American policing was characterized by corruption, political influence, and limited professionalism.
Learn about the evolution of policing from early societies where citizens were responsible for maintaining order to the establishment of modern-style police departments in France and England. Explore the transition from unpaid magistrates to law enforcement professionals.
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