Podcast
Questions and Answers
In early societies, who were primarily responsible for maintaining order and protecting themselves?
In early societies, who were primarily responsible for maintaining order and protecting themselves?
When did modern-style police departments first appear in England?
When did modern-style police departments first appear in England?
What was the role of the Praetorian Guard established by the Roman emperor Augustus?
What was the role of the Praetorian Guard established by the Roman emperor Augustus?
What specialized unit, referred to as 'trackers of murder,' was created by the Romans around the fifth century BCE?
What specialized unit, referred to as 'trackers of murder,' was created by the Romans around the fifth century BCE?
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What responsibilities were given to the Vigiles in Rome?
What responsibilities were given to the Vigiles in Rome?
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What was the significance of the fasces carried by the lictors in ancient Rome?
What was the significance of the fasces carried by the lictors in ancient Rome?
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What did the Maréchausée evolve into in France?
What did the Maréchausée evolve into in France?
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In what century did kings on the European continent begin to take responsibility for law administration?
In what century did kings on the European continent begin to take responsibility for law administration?
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Which city had both armed, professional police credited with keeping it safe and orderly by the eighteenth century?
Which city had both armed, professional police credited with keeping it safe and orderly by the eighteenth century?
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What was the role of tithings in King Alfred's system of mutual pledge?
What was the role of tithings in King Alfred's system of mutual pledge?
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Who was responsible for overseeing a hundred in King Alfred's security system?
Who was responsible for overseeing a hundred in King Alfred's security system?
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What was the primary responsibility of the shire-reeve in King Alfred's system?
What was the primary responsibility of the shire-reeve in King Alfred's system?
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What was the primary method for people to police their own communities in early English criminal justice systems?
What was the primary method for people to police their own communities in early English criminal justice systems?
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What was the main responsibility of the watchmen in the Statute of Winchester?
What was the main responsibility of the watchmen in the Statute of Winchester?
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What was the purpose of establishing the office of parish constable according to the text?
What was the purpose of establishing the office of parish constable according to the text?
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Why were magistrates created in seventeenth-century England?
Why were magistrates created in seventeenth-century England?
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Who were thief-takers in seventeenth-century England?
Who were thief-takers in seventeenth-century England?
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What activities were thief-takers primarily responsible for combating?
What activities were thief-takers primarily responsible for combating?
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What legendary outlaws were associated with highway robbery in seventeenth-century England?
What legendary outlaws were associated with highway robbery in seventeenth-century England?
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What did thief-takers receive as rewards for arresting criminals in seventeenth-century England?
What did thief-takers receive as rewards for arresting criminals in seventeenth-century England?
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What was NOT a major responsibility of seventeenth-century thief-takers in England?
What was NOT a major responsibility of seventeenth-century thief-takers in England?
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Why were watchmen required to patrol the streets from dusk until dawn according to the text?
Why were watchmen required to patrol the streets from dusk until dawn according to the text?
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What was a risk faced by thief-takers during the eighteenth century?
What was a risk faced by thief-takers during the eighteenth century?
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What method did some thief-takers employ to catch criminals and split the fee?
What method did some thief-takers employ to catch criminals and split the fee?
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How did some criminals secure a pardon for their own crimes during the eighteenth century?
How did some criminals secure a pardon for their own crimes during the eighteenth century?
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What was one of the outcomes of the thief-taker system during the eighteenth century?
What was one of the outcomes of the thief-taker system during the eighteenth century?
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What action by Henry Fielding contributed to the establishment of the first modern police force?
What action by Henry Fielding contributed to the establishment of the first modern police force?
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What role did the Bow Street Runners play in London during the eighteenth century?
What role did the Bow Street Runners play in London during the eighteenth century?
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Why was there resistance towards establishing a formal police department in London in the 18th century?
Why was there resistance towards establishing a formal police department in London in the 18th century?
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What led to the disbandment of the civilian horse patrol established in London in 1763?
What led to the disbandment of the civilian horse patrol established in London in 1763?
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What was the outcome of Patrick Colquhoun's lobbying efforts for a large, organized police force in London?
What was the outcome of Patrick Colquhoun's lobbying efforts for a large, organized police force in London?
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What was unique about the Marine Police established in London in 1798?
What was unique about the Marine Police established in London in 1798?
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Who is considered the founder of modern policing?
Who is considered the founder of modern policing?
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What was one of the main beliefs of early London police officers?
What was one of the main beliefs of early London police officers?
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What were the distinctive uniforms of the first London Metropolitan Police officers?
What were the distinctive uniforms of the first London Metropolitan Police officers?
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What was the main reason behind establishing a large civil police department in London?
What was the main reason behind establishing a large civil police department in London?
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What did Peel's Nine Principles emphasize about police actions?
What did Peel's Nine Principles emphasize about police actions?
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What concept did Peel, Rowan, and Mayne consider crucial for the success of the new police force?
What concept did Peel, Rowan, and Mayne consider crucial for the success of the new police force?
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Which document established the first large-scale, organized, paid civil police force in London?
Which document established the first large-scale, organized, paid civil police force in London?
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What was Colquhoun's force known for in England?
What was Colquhoun's force known for in England?
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What type of relationship did Peel believe should exist between police and the public?
What type of relationship did Peel believe should exist between police and the public?
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What principle states that police efficiency is measured by the absence of crime and disorder?
What principle states that police efficiency is measured by the absence of crime and disorder?
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Why did Peel structure the new police force along military lines?
Why did Peel structure the new police force along military lines?
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What was one of the main focuses of Peel's principles and the concepts of community policing?
What was one of the main focuses of Peel's principles and the concepts of community policing?
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How did the beat system differ from the patrols of Paris police?
How did the beat system differ from the patrols of Paris police?
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Why was developing a professional and disciplined force a challenge for the new police according to Thomas Reppetto?
Why was developing a professional and disciplined force a challenge for the new police according to Thomas Reppetto?
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What was Rowan's responsibility in the efforts to instil military discipline on the new police department?
What was Rowan's responsibility in the efforts to instil military discipline on the new police department?
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What event led to a shift in public sentiment in favor of the new police despite initial resistance?
What event led to a shift in public sentiment in favor of the new police despite initial resistance?
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What did Lucia Zedner highlight as a similarity between law enforcement before Peel's time and contemporary policing post-9/11?
What did Lucia Zedner highlight as a similarity between law enforcement before Peel's time and contemporary policing post-9/11?
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Which statement reflects Lucia Zedner's comparison between pre-Peel era protective efforts and modern community participation in policing?
Which statement reflects Lucia Zedner's comparison between pre-Peel era protective efforts and modern community participation in policing?
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'Although the state can no longer claim a monopoly over policing [today],' what responsibility must it still retain according to Lucia Zedner?
'Although the state can no longer claim a monopoly over policing [today],' what responsibility must it still retain according to Lucia Zedner?
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'Zedner points out that today we use private security companies to police neighborhoods, businesses, and commercial areas,' paralleling a practice from which century?
'Zedner points out that today we use private security companies to police neighborhoods, businesses, and commercial areas,' paralleling a practice from which century?
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What element helped shift public opinion in favor of the police after initial resistance?
What element helped shift public opinion in favor of the police after initial resistance?
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What was one of Peel’s main contributions to policing that influenced law enforcement in England?
What was one of Peel’s main contributions to policing that influenced law enforcement in England?
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What was the preferred policing style in the North according to the text?
What was the preferred policing style in the North according to the text?
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Which law enforcement official was most important in the northern colonies?
Which law enforcement official was most important in the northern colonies?
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In what year did the city of Boston establish the first colonial night watch?
In what year did the city of Boston establish the first colonial night watch?
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What was the role of sheriffs in law enforcement in the North?
What was the role of sheriffs in law enforcement in the North?
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What was the primary responsibility of Tennessee's slave patrols?
What was the primary responsibility of Tennessee's slave patrols?
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In what way did Kentucky's slave patrol system differ from others in the region?
In what way did Kentucky's slave patrol system differ from others in the region?
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What was a common feature of American urban and frontier policing experiences in the 18th century?
What was a common feature of American urban and frontier policing experiences in the 18th century?
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What was a significant social problem arising from the tremendous migration to large American cities in the early 19th century?
What was a significant social problem arising from the tremendous migration to large American cities in the early 19th century?
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What was the responsibility of the New York night watch in the mid-1700s?
What was the responsibility of the New York night watch in the mid-1700s?
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What did the first organized American police department in the North consist of?
What did the first organized American police department in the North consist of?
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Who was primarily responsible for protection against crime in the southern American colonies?
Who was primarily responsible for protection against crime in the southern American colonies?
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What responsibility did New York City police officers have until 1853 besides law enforcement?
What responsibility did New York City police officers have until 1853 besides law enforcement?
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What social control system was prominent in many early American colonies to maintain the institution of slavery?
What social control system was prominent in many early American colonies to maintain the institution of slavery?
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When were New York City police officers fully required to wear uniforms?
When were New York City police officers fully required to wear uniforms?
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Which characteristic best describes the role of slave patrols in the southern American colonies?
Which characteristic best describes the role of slave patrols in the southern American colonies?
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Why were New York City police officers initially hesitant to wear their copper stars?
Why were New York City police officers initially hesitant to wear their copper stars?
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In early 1700s Maryland and Virginia, what did the slave codes define black slaves as?
In early 1700s Maryland and Virginia, what did the slave codes define black slaves as?
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Which city established a London-style police department in 1845 under Mayor William F. Havermeyer?
Which city established a London-style police department in 1845 under Mayor William F. Havermeyer?
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What was the primary purpose of developing southern police departments in support of slavery?
What was the primary purpose of developing southern police departments in support of slavery?
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According to Sam Walker, what was a significant aspect of slave patrols in the American South?
According to Sam Walker, what was a significant aspect of slave patrols in the American South?
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What legal authority did slave masters have over their slaves according to the slave codes?
What legal authority did slave masters have over their slaves according to the slave codes?
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'Slave codes were designed to ensure the economic survival of southern society.' What did this entail?
'Slave codes were designed to ensure the economic survival of southern society.' What did this entail?
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'Slaves had no rights as citizens' according to the text. Why was this significant?
'Slaves had no rights as citizens' according to the text. Why was this significant?
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What impact did the establishment of new police departments in cities like Chicago and New Orleans have on constables and sheriffs?
What impact did the establishment of new police departments in cities like Chicago and New Orleans have on constables and sheriffs?
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What was a common characteristic of nineteenth-century American policing?
What was a common characteristic of nineteenth-century American policing?
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What event led to the replacement of the corrupt New York City police force by the Metropolitan Police in 1857?
What event led to the replacement of the corrupt New York City police force by the Metropolitan Police in 1857?
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Why was police work considered highly desirable in the late 1800s compared to other blue-collar jobs?
Why was police work considered highly desirable in the late 1800s compared to other blue-collar jobs?
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What was one of the main responsibilities of nineteenth-century police officers according to the text?
What was one of the main responsibilities of nineteenth-century police officers according to the text?
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How did politics influence the hiring of police officers in nineteenth-century America?
How did politics influence the hiring of police officers in nineteenth-century America?
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What was a significant obstacle for developing a professional and disciplined police force according to Thomas Reppetto?
What was a significant obstacle for developing a professional and disciplined police force according to Thomas Reppetto?
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How did job security for police officers differ from other professions in nineteenth-century America?
How did job security for police officers differ from other professions in nineteenth-century America?
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What was Robert M. Fogelson's criticism regarding the impact of politicians on the police during the nineteenth century?
What was Robert M. Fogelson's criticism regarding the impact of politicians on the police during the nineteenth century?
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'Ignorance, poor health, or old age was no barrier to employment.' Who noted this aspect regarding hiring practices in nineteenth-century policing?
'Ignorance, poor health, or old age was no barrier to employment.' Who noted this aspect regarding hiring practices in nineteenth-century policing?
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What was Luc Sante's criticism about the history of New York police during the nineteenth century?
What was Luc Sante's criticism about the history of New York police during the nineteenth century?
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What was the largest law enforcement organization in the United States before the widespread creation of police departments in the North?
What was the largest law enforcement organization in the United States before the widespread creation of police departments in the North?
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During the Civil War, which Southern city experienced a doubling in the size of its police department due to being a major railroad hub and supply center for Confederate forces?
During the Civil War, which Southern city experienced a doubling in the size of its police department due to being a major railroad hub and supply center for Confederate forces?
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What was the most popular crime in Atlanta during the Civil War, involving activities like white rowdyism and theft?
What was the most popular crime in Atlanta during the Civil War, involving activities like white rowdyism and theft?
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What was the greatest challenge facing Atlanta police leaders during the Civil War regarding recruitment?
What was the greatest challenge facing Atlanta police leaders during the Civil War regarding recruitment?
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In which Southern city were large numbers of black officers hired on the police force for a brief time post-Civil War?
In which Southern city were large numbers of black officers hired on the police force for a brief time post-Civil War?
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What type of law enforcement officers were usually the only ones available on the American frontier?
What type of law enforcement officers were usually the only ones available on the American frontier?
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What did life on the American frontier involve in terms of law enforcement?
What did life on the American frontier involve in terms of law enforcement?
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What type of law enforcement officers did early settlers mainly rely on to maintain order on the American frontier?
What type of law enforcement officers did early settlers mainly rely on to maintain order on the American frontier?
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What did the towns on the American frontier appoint to maintain order alongside county sheriffs?
What did the towns on the American frontier appoint to maintain order alongside county sheriffs?
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Which Southern state hired blacks on their police departments as a response to Reconstruction demands?
Which Southern state hired blacks on their police departments as a response to Reconstruction demands?
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What was one of the main challenges faced by Atlanta police during recruitment in the Civil War?
What was one of the main challenges faced by Atlanta police during recruitment in the Civil War?
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Why did many Southern police officials return to their prewar positions post-Civil War?
Why did many Southern police officials return to their prewar positions post-Civil War?
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What was a common duty of slave patrols in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky?
What was a common duty of slave patrols in North Carolina, Tennessee, and Kentucky?
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In what year did Tennessee's slave patrol system start, and how often were they required to inspect plantations?
In what year did Tennessee's slave patrol system start, and how often were they required to inspect plantations?
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What was a significant difference in how Kentucky used its slave patrol system compared to other regions?
What was a significant difference in how Kentucky used its slave patrol system compared to other regions?
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During the 18th century, what was the most common form of law enforcement in urban areas?
During the 18th century, what was the most common form of law enforcement in urban areas?
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What is one significant social problem that arose from the tremendous migration to large American cities in the early 19th century?
What is one significant social problem that arose from the tremendous migration to large American cities in the early 19th century?
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When was the first organized American police department in the North established?
When was the first organized American police department in the North established?
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What was the primary role of police officers in New York City until 1853 besides law enforcement?
What was the primary role of police officers in New York City until 1853 besides law enforcement?
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"Destructive rascality stalks at large in our streets" suggests that in 1840 New York City was facing issues related to:
"Destructive rascality stalks at large in our streets" suggests that in 1840 New York City was facing issues related to:
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What was a significant reason for police officers in large cities becoming enmeshed in the crime they were expected to suppress?
What was a significant reason for police officers in large cities becoming enmeshed in the crime they were expected to suppress?
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What was a characteristic of most big-city police departments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as mentioned in the text?
What was a characteristic of most big-city police departments in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, as mentioned in the text?
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What led to the arming of New York City police officers in 1858?
What led to the arming of New York City police officers in 1858?
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What historical event prompted police officers in Boston to start arming themselves?
What historical event prompted police officers in Boston to start arming themselves?
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How did officers in the early 1900s typically call for assistance or instructions?
How did officers in the early 1900s typically call for assistance or instructions?
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What negative perception did citizens of the nineteenth century hold about police officers?
What negative perception did citizens of the nineteenth century hold about police officers?
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Why did some early police officers rely on brute force while patrolling their beats?
Why did some early police officers rely on brute force while patrolling their beats?
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What significant shift occurred in policing due to public health and social welfare responsibilities being transferred in the late nineteenth century?
What significant shift occurred in policing due to public health and social welfare responsibilities being transferred in the late nineteenth century?
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What was the main purpose of the posse comitatus mentioned in the text?
What was the main purpose of the posse comitatus mentioned in the text?
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Why did the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 give marshals the power to call upon the militia?
Why did the Federal Judiciary Act of 1789 give marshals the power to call upon the militia?
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What authority did Congress gain in 1861 regarding law enforcement?
What authority did Congress gain in 1861 regarding law enforcement?
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What role did the military play in assisting civilian authorities in both the North and South?
What role did the military play in assisting civilian authorities in both the North and South?
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Which law enforcement organization was the leading voice of police reform during the first few decades of the twentieth century?
Which law enforcement organization was the leading voice of police reform during the first few decades of the twentieth century?
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Who was the first president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1893?
Who was the first president of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in 1893?
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Which technological advancement revolutionized police work by enabling rapid response to calls for service and emergencies?
Which technological advancement revolutionized police work by enabling rapid response to calls for service and emergencies?
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What did the creation of the Pendleton Act in 1883 establish for law enforcement officers?
What did the creation of the Pendleton Act in 1883 establish for law enforcement officers?
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In what decade did the widespread use of the patrol car begin in American police departments?
In what decade did the widespread use of the patrol car begin in American police departments?
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Which police leader attempted to reform the New York City police department between 1895 and 1897?
Which police leader attempted to reform the New York City police department between 1895 and 1897?
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What effect did the use of motorized patrol cars have on the relationship between police officers and the community?
What effect did the use of motorized patrol cars have on the relationship between police officers and the community?
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What was one of the primary roles of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in early twentieth-century police reform?
What was one of the primary roles of the International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) in early twentieth-century police reform?
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What event caused the Boston police strike of 1919?
What event caused the Boston police strike of 1919?
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What did the Wickersham Commission Report criticize about the Volstead Act?
What did the Wickersham Commission Report criticize about the Volstead Act?
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What did the Wickersham Commission Report find lacking in police forces during its study?
What did the Wickersham Commission Report find lacking in police forces during its study?
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What did the National Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment) forbid?
What did the National Prohibition (Eighteenth Amendment) forbid?
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What was the primary purpose of the Posse Comitatus Act of 1879?
What was the primary purpose of the Posse Comitatus Act of 1879?
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What action did Governor Calvin Coolidge take in response to the Boston police strike of 1919?
What action did Governor Calvin Coolidge take in response to the Boston police strike of 1919?
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What was the main function of the Texas Rangers when Texas was part of the Republic?
What was the main function of the Texas Rangers when Texas was part of the Republic?
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What did organized crime families mainly focus on after the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933?
What did organized crime families mainly focus on after the repeal of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1933?
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What distinguishes private police agencies like Pinkerton's National Detective Agency from public law enforcement?
What distinguishes private police agencies like Pinkerton's National Detective Agency from public law enforcement?
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According to George W. Wickersham, what was extensively practiced by some police officers during investigations?
According to George W. Wickersham, what was extensively practiced by some police officers during investigations?
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What did the Rocky Mountain Detective Association primarily focus on during the late nineteenth century?
What did the Rocky Mountain Detective Association primarily focus on during the late nineteenth century?
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'Lawlessness in Law Enforcement' by August Vollmer depicted police as:
'Lawlessness in Law Enforcement' by August Vollmer depicted police as:
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What led to the widespread creation of state police agencies outside the Southwest starting in 1905?
What led to the widespread creation of state police agencies outside the Southwest starting in 1905?
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What was a significant outcome of President Hoover's creation of the Wickersham Commission?
What was a significant outcome of President Hoover's creation of the Wickersham Commission?
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What was a key responsibility of private police agencies like Wells Fargo and Company?
What was a key responsibility of private police agencies like Wells Fargo and Company?
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What was one lasting effect of the Boston police strike of 1919?
What was one lasting effect of the Boston police strike of 1919?
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What was a significant role played by the New Mexico Mounted Patrol starting from 1905?
What was a significant role played by the New Mexico Mounted Patrol starting from 1905?
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What differentiated state police agencies like the Texas Rangers from private detective agencies like Pinkerton's?
What differentiated state police agencies like the Texas Rangers from private detective agencies like Pinkerton's?
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How did Pinkerton's National Detective Agency differ from Wells Fargo and Company in terms of tasks undertaken?
How did Pinkerton's National Detective Agency differ from Wells Fargo and Company in terms of tasks undertaken?
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What was a common focus shared by private police agencies like Wells Fargo and state police agencies such as the New Mexico Mounted Patrol?
What was a common focus shared by private police agencies like Wells Fargo and state police agencies such as the New Mexico Mounted Patrol?
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What event in Los Angeles in 1991 and the subsequent jury verdict in 1992 reignited strained racial conditions in the United States?
What event in Los Angeles in 1991 and the subsequent jury verdict in 1992 reignited strained racial conditions in the United States?
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How did the use of police by government officials during the civil rights movement impact community relations?
How did the use of police by government officials during the civil rights movement impact community relations?
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What was the outcome of the 1992 jury verdict acquitting the four Los Angeles police officers charged with Rodney King's beating?
What was the outcome of the 1992 jury verdict acquitting the four Los Angeles police officers charged with Rodney King's beating?
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Who is credited with pioneering the use of advanced training for police officers in the United States?
Who is credited with pioneering the use of advanced training for police officers in the United States?
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Which police chief can be considered the father of modern American policing?
Which police chief can be considered the father of modern American policing?
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What was one of the significant contributions of Raymond Blaine Fosdick to policing in the early 20th century?
What was one of the significant contributions of Raymond Blaine Fosdick to policing in the early 20th century?
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Which early pioneer in police professionalism focused on developing scientific crime detection techniques?
Which early pioneer in police professionalism focused on developing scientific crime detection techniques?
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Who was known for advocating the replacement of foot patrols with one-person auto patrols for maximizing patrol coverage?
Who was known for advocating the replacement of foot patrols with one-person auto patrols for maximizing patrol coverage?
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Which individual contributed significantly to the establishment of the School of Criminology at the University of California at Berkeley?
Which individual contributed significantly to the establishment of the School of Criminology at the University of California at Berkeley?
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Which early pioneer in police professionalism focused on developing scientific crime detection techniques?
Which early pioneer in police professionalism focused on developing scientific crime detection techniques?
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Who was known for advocating replacing foot patrols with one-person auto patrols to maximize patrol coverage?
Who was known for advocating replacing foot patrols with one-person auto patrols to maximize patrol coverage?
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Which individual contributed significantly to establishing the School of Criminology at the University of California at Berkeley?
Which individual contributed significantly to establishing the School of Criminology at the University of California at Berkeley?
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Who was appointed as the director of the FBI upon the retirement of the bureau’s director in 1924?
Who was appointed as the director of the FBI upon the retirement of the bureau’s director in 1924?
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What was one of J. Edgar Hoover's major contributions during his leadership at the FBI?
What was one of J. Edgar Hoover's major contributions during his leadership at the FBI?
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Who chaired the U.S. Senate’s Crime Committee created in 1950?
Who chaired the U.S. Senate’s Crime Committee created in 1950?
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Why did politicians opt for police reform in the 1950s according to David R. Johnson?
Why did politicians opt for police reform in the 1950s according to David R. Johnson?
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What marked a turning point in the history of professionalism according to David R. Johnson?
What marked a turning point in the history of professionalism according to David R. Johnson?
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During the 1960s and 1970s, what major social issue placed police at the center of tension and change?
During the 1960s and 1970s, what major social issue placed police at the center of tension and change?
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What role did the Supreme Court play in protecting arrested persons during the 1960s?
What role did the Supreme Court play in protecting arrested persons during the 1960s?
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How did James Q. Wilson describe the decade of the 1960s in relation to policing?
How did James Q. Wilson describe the decade of the 1960s in relation to policing?
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What characterized policing during the 1960s and 1970s according to the text?
What characterized policing during the 1960s and 1970s according to the text?
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What was the significance of the Supreme Court's use of the exclusionary rule in police-related cases?
What was the significance of the Supreme Court's use of the exclusionary rule in police-related cases?
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In what landmark case did the Supreme Court establish the right to counsel during police interrogations?
In what landmark case did the Supreme Court establish the right to counsel during police interrogations?
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How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 impact the relationship between the police and civil rights demonstrators?
How did the Civil Rights Act of 1964 impact the relationship between the police and civil rights demonstrators?
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Which event led President John F. Kennedy to send U.S. marshals and armed forces to Mississippi?
Which event led President John F. Kennedy to send U.S. marshals and armed forces to Mississippi?
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What was the symbolic significance of a white uniformed police officer standing behind Martin Luther King, Jr. during his 'I have a dream' speech?
What was the symbolic significance of a white uniformed police officer standing behind Martin Luther King, Jr. during his 'I have a dream' speech?
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What impact did Eugene 'Bull' Connor’s actions have on police–minority group relationships?
What impact did Eugene 'Bull' Connor’s actions have on police–minority group relationships?
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Why were civil rights demonstrators stopped by Alabama state police at the Edmund Petus Bridge during a peaceful march in Selma?
Why were civil rights demonstrators stopped by Alabama state police at the Edmund Petus Bridge during a peaceful march in Selma?
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'Destructive rascality stalks at large in our streets' in 1840 New York City refers to:
'Destructive rascality stalks at large in our streets' in 1840 New York City refers to:
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What historical document mentions the right of the people to alter or abolish a government if it becomes destructive?
What historical document mentions the right of the people to alter or abolish a government if it becomes destructive?
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In addressing violent civil disobedience, what defensive formation did U.S. law enforcement adopt that is similar to what was used in early Roman society?
In addressing violent civil disobedience, what defensive formation did U.S. law enforcement adopt that is similar to what was used in early Roman society?
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How has the media impacted confrontations between demonstrators and the police?
How has the media impacted confrontations between demonstrators and the police?
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What key role have the founding fathers of the United States played in relation to civil disobedience?
What key role have the founding fathers of the United States played in relation to civil disobedience?
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What significant impact did the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) have in the 1960s?
What significant impact did the Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) have in the 1960s?
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Why did college administrators call local police departments during campus protests in the 1960s?
Why did college administrators call local police departments during campus protests in the 1960s?
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What tactic was NOT used by students during campus protests in the 1960s?
What tactic was NOT used by students during campus protests in the 1960s?
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In what year did the state of civil disorder get declared in Berkeley, California?
In what year did the state of civil disorder get declared in Berkeley, California?
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What was the outcome of the student takeover at Columbia University in 1968?
What was the outcome of the student takeover at Columbia University in 1968?
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What action led to a wave of bombings on college campuses in the 1970s?
What action led to a wave of bombings on college campuses in the 1970s?
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What sparked the major riots in many U.S. cities during the 1960s?
What sparked the major riots in many U.S. cities during the 1960s?
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Why did some students hurl bottles and bricks at the police during campus protests?
Why did some students hurl bottles and bricks at the police during campus protests?
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Which event marked a significant shift in policing due to public health and social welfare responsibilities being transferred?
Which event marked a significant shift in policing due to public health and social welfare responsibilities being transferred?
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What characteristic best describes the role of slave patrols in the southern American colonies?
What characteristic best describes the role of slave patrols in the southern American colonies?
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What was one of the main responsibilities of nineteenth-century college administrators during student protests?
What was one of the main responsibilities of nineteenth-century college administrators during student protests?
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What major events characterized the 1980s and 1990s in policing according to the text?
What major events characterized the 1980s and 1990s in policing according to the text?
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What was one of the positive developments in policing during the 1980s and 1990s?
What was one of the positive developments in policing during the 1980s and 1990s?
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What significant crime reductions occurred in the late twentieth century, as per the text?
What significant crime reductions occurred in the late twentieth century, as per the text?
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What factors were attributed to the decline in crime rates by some criminologists?
What factors were attributed to the decline in crime rates by some criminologists?
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Which new concepts of police work emerged during the 1980s and 1990s, according to the text?
Which new concepts of police work emerged during the 1980s and 1990s, according to the text?
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What was a significant aspect of policing in the late twentieth century, based on the text?
What was a significant aspect of policing in the late twentieth century, based on the text?
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What was the primary cause of the 1964 Harlem riot mentioned in the text?
What was the primary cause of the 1964 Harlem riot mentioned in the text?
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What was the main source of grievance, tension, and disorder highlighted by the Kerner Commission's report in 1968?
What was the main source of grievance, tension, and disorder highlighted by the Kerner Commission's report in 1968?
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What was the estimated property damage caused by the Detroit riot in 1967?
What was the estimated property damage caused by the Detroit riot in 1967?
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What led to the establishment of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest?
What led to the establishment of the President's Commission on Campus Unrest?
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What was the impact of the Washington, D.C. riots following Dr. King's murder in 1968?
What was the impact of the Washington, D.C. riots following Dr. King's murder in 1968?
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Which event prompted the creation of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission)?
Which event prompted the creation of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission)?
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What did the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice address in its report?
What did the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice address in its report?
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What did the special commission led by William H. Webster study and report on?
What did the special commission led by William H. Webster study and report on?
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What was a significant factor that contributed to the establishment of national commissions after the 1960s?
What was a significant factor that contributed to the establishment of national commissions after the 1960s?
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Which area experienced a gunfight between Korean merchants and black men, leading to a sharp escalation in tensions?
Which area experienced a gunfight between Korean merchants and black men, leading to a sharp escalation in tensions?
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'Abrasive relationships between police and Negroes' were considered a major source of grievance according to which commission's report?
'Abrasive relationships between police and Negroes' were considered a major source of grievance according to which commission's report?
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'Two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal' was a statement from which commission's report?
'Two societies, one black, one white, separate and unequal' was a statement from which commission's report?
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During the riots, what did convoys of cars carrying young men do when heading out to affluent West Los Angeles and Beverly Hills?
During the riots, what did convoys of cars carrying young men do when heading out to affluent West Los Angeles and Beverly Hills?
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What did the tall plumes of smoke rising from burning shops indicate during the first days of the riot?
What did the tall plumes of smoke rising from burning shops indicate during the first days of the riot?
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'Our nation is moving toward two societies' was a warning from which commission's report?
'Our nation is moving toward two societies' was a warning from which commission's report?
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What led to the establishment of three national commissions after the 1960s?
What led to the establishment of three national commissions after the 1960s?
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What is the primary objective of the NYPD after being reengineered by William J. Bratton?
What is the primary objective of the NYPD after being reengineered by William J. Bratton?
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What is a central component of CompStat, now known as CompStat2.0?
What is a central component of CompStat, now known as CompStat2.0?
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What is the essence of the CompStat process mentioned in the text?
What is the essence of the CompStat process mentioned in the text?
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Which type of police unit is focused on addressing extremely serious violent criminal events?
Which type of police unit is focused on addressing extremely serious violent criminal events?
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What did Kraska and Kappeler find in their survey about U.S. law enforcement agencies regarding police paramilitary units?
What did Kraska and Kappeler find in their survey about U.S. law enforcement agencies regarding police paramilitary units?
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What impact did the advent of 24-hour news media and social media have on the distribution of news about police activity?
What impact did the advent of 24-hour news media and social media have on the distribution of news about police activity?
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What was a negative issue confronting police in the late twentieth century as mentioned in the text?
What was a negative issue confronting police in the late twentieth century as mentioned in the text?
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How did law enforcement integrate new technology like social media, according to the text?
How did law enforcement integrate new technology like social media, according to the text?
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What was a noticeable corruption scandal involving New York City's police department in the 1980s?
What was a noticeable corruption scandal involving New York City's police department in the 1980s?
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What characterized the violent confrontations between anti-Vietnam War protesters and the police?
What characterized the violent confrontations between anti-Vietnam War protesters and the police?
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What event at the Democratic Party presidential convention in Chicago in 1968 led to police-citizen violence?
What event at the Democratic Party presidential convention in Chicago in 1968 led to police-citizen violence?
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What event in Los Angeles may have set the progress of improving community relationships with the police back?
What event in Los Angeles may have set the progress of improving community relationships with the police back?
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'Lawlessness in Law Enforcement' by August Vollmer depicted police as:
'Lawlessness in Law Enforcement' by August Vollmer depicted police as:
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How were the protesters at the 1968 National Democratic Convention perceived by some observers?
How were the protesters at the 1968 National Democratic Convention perceived by some observers?
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What was the outcome of the Chicago Eight trial in 1969?
What was the outcome of the Chicago Eight trial in 1969?
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What social issue were campus demonstrations in the 1960s also protesting against?
What social issue were campus demonstrations in the 1960s also protesting against?
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What was one reason behind campus demonstrations protesting the presence of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) units?
What was one reason behind campus demonstrations protesting the presence of Reserve Officers’ Training Corps (ROTC) units?
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'Days of Rage' organized by the Weathermen resulted in what during violent rampaging in Chicago?
'Days of Rage' organized by the Weathermen resulted in what during violent rampaging in Chicago?
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'Walker Report' referred to the incident at the Democratic Party convention in Chicago as what?
'Walker Report' referred to the incident at the Democratic Party convention in Chicago as what?
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What was the outcome of the criminal trial for the four Los Angeles police officers initially charged with assaulting Rodney King?
What was the outcome of the criminal trial for the four Los Angeles police officers initially charged with assaulting Rodney King?
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What was the supervising officer at the scene, Sergeant Stacey C. Koon, accused of doing during the Rodney King incident?
What was the supervising officer at the scene, Sergeant Stacey C. Koon, accused of doing during the Rodney King incident?
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What led to the start of widespread riots across the United States in 1992?
What led to the start of widespread riots across the United States in 1992?
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What was one significant outcome of the riots sparked by the Rodney King case in Los Angeles?
What was one significant outcome of the riots sparked by the Rodney King case in Los Angeles?
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Which police witness during O.J. Simpson's trial faced issues with credibility due to lying under oath?
Which police witness during O.J. Simpson's trial faced issues with credibility due to lying under oath?
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How did many citizens view the acquittal of O.J. Simpson despite scientific evidence against him?
How did many citizens view the acquittal of O.J. Simpson despite scientific evidence against him?
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What key aspect did some argue about the use of force by officers in Rodney King's case instead of deadly force?
What key aspect did some argue about the use of force by officers in Rodney King's case instead of deadly force?
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How did some police officers attempt to stop Rodney King's erratic behavior before resorting to physical force?
How did some police officers attempt to stop Rodney King's erratic behavior before resorting to physical force?
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'Presumed Guilty: The Tragedy of the Rodney King Affair' was a book written by which individual involved in the case?
'Presumed Guilty: The Tragedy of the Rodney King Affair' was a book written by which individual involved in the case?
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What shocking incident took place following the Rodney King case allegations, involving a Haitian American prisoner?
What shocking incident took place following the Rodney King case allegations, involving a Haitian American prisoner?
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What did one officer eventually face as a result of assaulting Abner Louima?
What did one officer eventually face as a result of assaulting Abner Louima?
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What was one significant impact of the verdict in O.J. Simpson's murder trial?
What was one significant impact of the verdict in O.J. Simpson's murder trial?
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What was the main outcome of the New York Times articles on police corruption?
What was the main outcome of the New York Times articles on police corruption?
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Which organization was established as a result of the work of the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
Which organization was established as a result of the work of the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
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What did the LEAA's Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP) primarily provide funds for?
What did the LEAA's Law Enforcement Education Program (LEEP) primarily provide funds for?
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Which was one of the significant goals developed by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
Which was one of the significant goals developed by the President’s Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice?
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What was a primary benefit of the LEAA to police officers?
What was a primary benefit of the LEAA to police officers?
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Which organization joined LEAA as a funding source for research on innovative police projects?
Which organization joined LEAA as a funding source for research on innovative police projects?
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What led to changes in thinking about how police work is done in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s?
What led to changes in thinking about how police work is done in the United States during the 1960s and 1970s?
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What was one of LEAA's specific goals developed for controlling crime?
What was one of LEAA's specific goals developed for controlling crime?
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What major positive trend continued for the police into the 2000s, as mentioned in the text?
What major positive trend continued for the police into the 2000s, as mentioned in the text?
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Which program, widely adopted by numerous police departments, was mentioned as having reengineered police management using computer maps and crime statistics?
Which program, widely adopted by numerous police departments, was mentioned as having reengineered police management using computer maps and crime statistics?
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What event in 2002 captured the attention of the U.S. public and caused significant fear, as indicated in the text?
What event in 2002 captured the attention of the U.S. public and caused significant fear, as indicated in the text?
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According to the Police Foundation report, what role did the police take among criminal justice agencies by embracing social science and using it to address problems?
According to the Police Foundation report, what role did the police take among criminal justice agencies by embracing social science and using it to address problems?
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What did Bratton advocate for in terms of police behavior?
What did Bratton advocate for in terms of police behavior?
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What was a major characteristic of the policing structure Bratton recommended?
What was a major characteristic of the policing structure Bratton recommended?
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What was a consequence of the LAPD corruption scandal in the Rampart division?
What was a consequence of the LAPD corruption scandal in the Rampart division?
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What triggered a four-day riot in Cincinnati in 2001?
What triggered a four-day riot in Cincinnati in 2001?
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What impact did the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) shooting have in Oakland, California?
What impact did the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) shooting have in Oakland, California?
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What significant event happened on September 11, 2001, according to the text?
What significant event happened on September 11, 2001, according to the text?
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What impact did the attacks on the World Trade Center have on emergency responders?
What impact did the attacks on the World Trade Center have on emergency responders?
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'What significant change was brought about by the 9/11 attacks in terms of policing?' Which of the following options represents the correct answer?
'What significant change was brought about by the 9/11 attacks in terms of policing?' Which of the following options represents the correct answer?
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What did Bratton strongly believe about the role of police officers?
What did Bratton strongly believe about the role of police officers?
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What did Bratton suggest as the quickest way to impact crime rates?
What did Bratton suggest as the quickest way to impact crime rates?
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What characterized the corrupt activities of LAPD's antigang unit members?
What characterized the corrupt activities of LAPD's antigang unit members?
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What was a consequence of the LAPD corruption scandal in the Rampart division?
What was a consequence of the LAPD corruption scandal in the Rampart division?
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What was a significant outcome of the events of Hurricane Katrina as mentioned in the text?
What was a significant outcome of the events of Hurricane Katrina as mentioned in the text?
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Which measure was NOT part of the increased security efforts in New York City after 9/11?
Which measure was NOT part of the increased security efforts in New York City after 9/11?
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What role did the National Guard play during Hurricane Katrina?
What role did the National Guard play during Hurricane Katrina?
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What was a consequence for New Orleans police officers during and after Hurricane Katrina?
What was a consequence for New Orleans police officers during and after Hurricane Katrina?
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How did the war efforts of 2003 impact social activism in the United States?
How did the war efforts of 2003 impact social activism in the United States?
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Which agency assisted in patrolling the Golden Gate Bridge alongside Highway Patrol officers?
Which agency assisted in patrolling the Golden Gate Bridge alongside Highway Patrol officers?
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In response to U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, what did citizens in various cities engage in?
In response to U.S. invasion of Iraq in March 2003, what did citizens in various cities engage in?
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What characterized police conduct in the face of war protests similar to those in the 1960s?
What characterized police conduct in the face of war protests similar to those in the 1960s?
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Why did some members of the New Orleans Police Department face criticism following Hurricane Katrina?
Why did some members of the New Orleans Police Department face criticism following Hurricane Katrina?
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What was the main function of the Sniper Task Force during the 2002 killing spree?
What was the main function of the Sniper Task Force during the 2002 killing spree?
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Why did Chuck Wexler compare the task force's work to 'changing the tire of a car while it’s moving'?
Why did Chuck Wexler compare the task force's work to 'changing the tire of a car while it’s moving'?
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What did Police Chief William Bratton argue about recent criminal justice research at the 2006 NIJ conference?
What did Police Chief William Bratton argue about recent criminal justice research at the 2006 NIJ conference?
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According to criminal justice academics, what are considered main causes of crime?
According to criminal justice academics, what are considered main causes of crime?
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What did the decline in crime rates post-1991 in the U.S. prevent according to Time's report in 2010?
What did the decline in crime rates post-1991 in the U.S. prevent according to Time's report in 2010?
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How do most law enforcement practitioners view the main cause of crime according to Police Chief Bratton?
How do most law enforcement practitioners view the main cause of crime according to Police Chief Bratton?
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What did law enforcement practitioners disagree about with academics regarding crime causes?
What did law enforcement practitioners disagree about with academics regarding crime causes?
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'A breakthrough' in U.S. crime rates was mentioned in reference to which year by Time's report in 2010?
'A breakthrough' in U.S. crime rates was mentioned in reference to which year by Time's report in 2010?
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'Extraordinary' human impact was mentioned in relation to what turnaround in U.S. crime rates by Time's report?
'Extraordinary' human impact was mentioned in relation to what turnaround in U.S. crime rates by Time's report?
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What significant event marked the beginning of the perceived 'war on police' in the United States?
What significant event marked the beginning of the perceived 'war on police' in the United States?
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Which organization aims to end perceived police brutality against African Americans and advocate against disproportionate imprisonment of African Americans?
Which organization aims to end perceived police brutality against African Americans and advocate against disproportionate imprisonment of African Americans?
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After the protest in Ferguson, how many new measures addressing issues like body cameras and racial bias training were passed by states according to an analysis by the Associated Press?
After the protest in Ferguson, how many new measures addressing issues like body cameras and racial bias training were passed by states according to an analysis by the Associated Press?
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What movement was established in response to Black Lives Matter and increasing attacks on law enforcement?
What movement was established in response to Black Lives Matter and increasing attacks on law enforcement?
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What criticism has been directed at Black Lives Matter for its perceived focus?
What criticism has been directed at Black Lives Matter for its perceived focus?
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What did some critics of Black Lives Matter question the movement's failure to condemn specifically?
What did some critics of Black Lives Matter question the movement's failure to condemn specifically?
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What is a primary focus of Black Lives Matter according to the text?
What is a primary focus of Black Lives Matter according to the text?
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What concept led to the creation of Blue Lives Matter as a movement according to the text?
What concept led to the creation of Blue Lives Matter as a movement according to the text?
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What was notable about the officers killed during the Dallas Police Department attack according to the text?
What was notable about the officers killed during the Dallas Police Department attack according to the text?
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What key issue does Black Lives Matter aim to address according to the text?
What key issue does Black Lives Matter aim to address according to the text?
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What event caused the establishment of the counterterrorism bureau within the New York City Police Department?
What event caused the establishment of the counterterrorism bureau within the New York City Police Department?
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Which agency was established as a result of the Patriot Act and played a major role in security post-9/11?
Which agency was established as a result of the Patriot Act and played a major role in security post-9/11?
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Which type of units within law enforcement underwent dramatic preparations similar to military forces due to the Iraq war in 2003?
Which type of units within law enforcement underwent dramatic preparations similar to military forces due to the Iraq war in 2003?
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In which decade did large police departments in the United States start specialized antiterrorism units?
In which decade did large police departments in the United States start specialized antiterrorism units?
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What similarity existed between law enforcement after 9/11 and before Peel's time according to Lucia Zedner?
What similarity existed between law enforcement after 9/11 and before Peel's time according to Lucia Zedner?
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What did many Americans fear about the USA Patriot Act?
What did many Americans fear about the USA Patriot Act?
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Who was in charge of the NYPD's counterterrorism bureau after 9/11?
Who was in charge of the NYPD's counterterrorism bureau after 9/11?
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What was one consequence of law enforcement changes post-9/11 detailed in the text?
What was one consequence of law enforcement changes post-9/11 detailed in the text?
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Study Notes
Early Societies and Order Maintenance
- In early societies, individuals were primarily responsible for maintaining order and protecting themselves.
Ancient Rome and the Praetorian Guard
- The Praetorian Guard was established by the Roman emperor Augustus to serve as his personal bodyguards and maintain order in Rome.
- The Romans created a specialized unit, referred to as "trackers of murder," around the fifth century BCE.
- The Vigiles in Rome were responsible for firefighting, firefighting policing, and maintaining order.
Medieval and Early English Law Enforcement
- In the ninth century, kings on the European continent began to take responsibility for law administration.
- The Maréchausée evolved into a professional police force in France.
- In King Alfred's system, tithings were groups of ten households responsible for policing their own communities.
- A hundred was a grouping of ten tithings, overseen by a hundred-man responsible for maintaining order.
- The shire-reeve was responsible for overseeing the shire and ensuring law and order.
English Criminal Justice System
- The primary method for people to police their own communities was through tithings and hundreds.
- Watchmen were responsible for patrolling the streets from dusk until dawn, according to the Statute of Winchester.
- The office of parish constable was established to maintain order and enforce laws in local communities.
Seveteenth-Century England and Thief-Takers
- Thief-takers were primarily responsible for combating highway robbery and other crimes in seventeenth-century England.
- Thief-takers received rewards for arresting criminals and would often employ methods like entrapment to catch criminals.
- Legendary outlaws like Dick Turpin were associated with highway robbery in seventeenth-century England.
Henry Fielding and the Establishment of the First Modern Police Force
- Henry Fielding's contributions led to the establishment of the first modern police force, the Bow Street Runners, in London during the eighteenth century.
- The Bow Street Runners played a significant role in London, focusing on crime prevention and detection.
Peel's Principles and the London Metropolitan Police
- Sir Robert Peel is considered the founder of modern policing, establishing the London Metropolitan Police in 1829.
- Peel's Nine Principles emphasized that police actions should be guided by the absence of crime and disorder.
- The main reason behind establishing a large civil police department in London was to maintain peace and order.
- Peel structured the new police force along military lines to ensure discipline and professionalism.
Development of American Policing
- The first colonial night watch was established in Boston in 1634.
- Sheriffs played a significant role in law enforcement in the North, particularly in the American colonies.
- Tennessee's slave patrols were responsible for maintaining order and controlling the slave population.
- In the southern American colonies, slave patrols were a common feature of law enforcement, maintaining the institution of slavery.
New York City Policing
- The first organized American police department in the North consisted of a watch system in New York City.
- New York City police officers initially had additional responsibilities, including firefighting, until 1853.
- The city established a London-style police department in 1845 under Mayor William F. Havermeyer.
American Policing in the 19th Century
- The primary purpose of developing southern police departments was to support the institution of slavery.
- Slave codes defined black slaves as property, denying them rights as citizens.
- The establishment of new police departments in cities like Chicago and New Orleans led to the decline of constables and sheriffs.
- Nineteenth-century American policing was characterized by corruption, political influence, and limited professionalism.
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Description
Learn about the evolution of policing from early societies where citizens were responsible for maintaining order to the establishment of modern-style police departments in France and England. Explore the transition from unpaid magistrates to law enforcement professionals.
