History of Pharmacy

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary driver behind the gradual separation of pharmacy from medicine?

  • The desire of physicians to focus solely on diagnosis and treatment, leaving the dispensing of medication to others.
  • The emergence of specialized medical schools focusing on different aspects of healthcare.
  • The growing demand for readily available and affordable medications.
  • The increasing complexity of medical formulas and the laborious work involved in their preparation. (correct)

What is the primary concern of the profession of pharmacy?

  • The identification and classification of different plants and their medicinal properties.
  • The study and application of herbal remedies in traditional medicine.
  • The preparation, distribution, and use of drugs and medicines. (correct)
  • The development and marketing of new pharmaceutical products.

How did the role of apothecaries evolve over time?

  • They became integrated into the medical profession as specialized practitioners.
  • They transitioned from assistants to independent professionals with their own shops. (correct)
  • They lost their relevance as the complexity of medicine shifted away from herbal remedies.
  • They remained solely as assistants to physicians, specializing in the preparation of medications.

What is the meaning of the Greek word "Pharmakon", from which the word "Pharmacy" is derived?

<p>Medicine or drug (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factor contributed to physicians' disinterest in pharmacy?

<p>The increasing complexity of medical formulas and the laborious work involved in their preparation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of these is NOT a key aspect of a pharmacist's expertise?

<p>Developing new pharmaceutical technologies for drug delivery. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately reflects the relationship between physicians and apothecaries during this period?

<p>Physicians relegated the preparation of medications to apothecaries, who gained independence and established their own businesses. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what aspect of Apollo's dominion seems most closely linked to his role as a protector of flocks and herds?

<p>His connection to the control of colonists, potentially signifying the protection of settlements and resources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text emphasizes the importance of "standardization" in pharmacy. What does this encompass in the context of drugs and medicines?

<p>Ensuring consistent quality and potency across batches of a drug. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT explicitly stated as a domain of Apollo's influence, based on the provided text?

<p>Agriculture and Fertility (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the word "disasteful" in the context of the passage likely refer to?

<p>The tedious and repetitive nature of preparing medicinal formulas. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the knowledge required by a pharmacist?

<p>Deep understanding of all aspects of pharmacy, from preparation to distribution. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of these is a misconception about Apollo's role?

<p>Apollo's influence is limited to the physical well-being of humans. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a pharmacist considered the expert when it comes to drugs?

<p>They are the only professionals with the necessary knowledge and training. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text suggests a connection between Apollo's dominion over colonists and his role as a protector of flocks and herds. This connection can be best understood as:

<p>Apollo's role as a protector of settlements and resources includes the protection of livestock, essential for sustenance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What two sources are mentioned as the origins of drugs used in pharmacy?

<p>Natural sources and synthetic sources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of these describes the relationship between Apollo and Asclepius?

<p>Asclepius is Apollo's protege, inheriting and expanding upon his father's medical skills. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is ONE of the key roles of a pharmacist in relation to medications?

<p>Analyzing and standardizing the quality of drugs and medicines. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason for the introduction of a 4 year course in pharmacy mentioned in the text?

<p>To address the inadequacy of the previous 3-year course in preparing pharmacists. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a subject taught in the 4th year of the pharmacy course?

<p>Pharmacy Policy and Law (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred from the statement "the final year student was doing the maximum number of school hours per week"?

<p>The academic workload for pharmacy students was significantly high during their final year. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the introduction of the 4th year honours course suggest about the nature of pharmacy practice?

<p>Pharmacy practice is becoming increasingly complex and requires specialized knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements BEST reflects the main idea of the text?

<p>The evolution of pharmacy education reflects the changing needs of modern pharmaceutical practice. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following professions is MOST directly responsible for understanding the complete spectrum of knowledge about drugs?

<p>Pharmacist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following is a key aspect of a drug's profile that a nurse would be primarily concerned with?

<p>Dosage form (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central role of pharmacy education in relation to drugs?

<p>To provide comprehensive and complete knowledge about drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phrase best reflects the central argument of the text regarding the role of professionals in understanding drugs?

<p>Pharmacists hold a unique and primary responsibility for comprehending the complete knowledge of drugs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is the most likely reason why a physician would be interested in the effects of drugs on the liver?

<p>To identify potential side effects and toxicity of the drug in the patient. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary objective of establishing the training school in 1897?

<p>To educate and prepare pharmacists to dispense prescriptions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what can be inferred about the early organization of the training program for dispensing prescriptions?

<p>There is a lack of detailed information about the program's early stages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Sergeant Hart's involvement in the training program?

<p>He was instrumental in establishing the first dedicated training facility for dispensing prescriptions in Ghana. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can be inferred about the admission criteria for the training program based on the text?

<p>The program had a limited number of available spaces, highlighting its selective nature. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the location of the training facility for dispensing prescriptions mentioned in the text?

<p>The only existing hospital in Accra, now occupied by the High Court buildings. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Role of Physician

A physician prescribes drugs and focuses on their effects, therapeutic value, and toxicology.

Role of Nurse

A nurse administers drugs, focusing on dosage form, route of administration, and monitoring for toxicity.

Role of Pharmacist

Pharmacists are responsible for having comprehensive knowledge about drugs beyond just their use.

Dosage Form

The physical form in which a drug is produced, such as tablets, capsules, or liquids.

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Toxicology

The study of the harmful effects of substances, including drugs, on the body.

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Pharmacy

The profession concerned with preparing and distributing medicines from natural and synthetic sources.

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Pharmacist

A professional expert in drugs, responsible for safe distribution and use of medications.

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Origins of Pharmacy

The word pharmacy derives from Greek 'Pharmakon', meaning medicine or drug.

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Drug Preparation

Involves the knowledge of preparing drugs safely for distribution and use.

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Pharmacologic Action

The effects drugs have on biological systems and their therapeutic actions.

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Drug Analysis

The process of assessing drug composition, purity, and efficacy.

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Drug Preservation

Methods to maintain drug stability and shelf-life for safe use.

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Drug Standardization

The establishment of quality standards for drug manufacturing and distribution.

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Separation of Pharmacy and Medicine

A gradual process over thousands of years where pharmacy became distinct from medicine.

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Role of Apothecaries

Assistants who became independent and established shops for dispensing prescriptions and selling remedies.

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Increasing Complexity in Medical Formulas

As medical knowledge grew, drug formulations became more complicated, requiring specialized preparation skills.

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Status Attainment in Pharmacy

The pursuit of higher status in the medical field led to distancing from pharmacy practices by physicians.

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Historical Role of Physicians

Physicians originally practiced both medicine and pharmacy, but gradually shifted responsibilities to apothecaries.

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Apollo

A significant god in ancient Greek and Roman religion, associated with healing and music.

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Asclepius

Apollo’s son, associated with medicine and healing in mythology.

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Patron of Poetry

Apollo is recognized as a god who protects and inspires poets and musicians.

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God of Herds

Apollo also protects herds and flocks, symbolizing his role in agriculture.

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Dual Nature of Apollo

Apollo has a dual role, bringing both healing and diseases in mythology.

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Pharmacy Course Evolution

Pharmacy courses have evolved to meet new trends in pharmaceutical practice.

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Annual Study Hours

Students must complete many study hours, including leisure time for projects.

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New 4-Year Honours Course

A 4-year honours course in pharmacy was established in 1969 to enhance student preparation.

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Basic Pharmacy Preparation

The first three years of pharmacy education focus on fundamental knowledge and skills.

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Advanced Pharmacy Courses

In the fourth year, students take advanced courses like pharmacology and biopharmaceutics.

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History of Pharmacy in Ghana

Pharmacy education began in Ghana in 1897 to train personnel for dispensing prescriptions.

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Sergeant Hart

A Royal Army Medical Corps commander who trained local personnel in Ghana from about 1923.

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Accra Hospital

The first hospital in Accra where local personnel were trained in drug dispensing.

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Entrance Qualification

Minimum requirement of Standard 7 for enrolling in pharmacy training during the early 1900s.

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Training Duration

The duration of pharmacy training was 2 years for those who qualified for enrollment.

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Study Notes

History of Pharmacy

  • Pharmacy is the art and science of preparing, distributing, and using natural and synthetic materials for treating and preventing disease.
  • It encompasses drug identification, selection, action, preservation, combination, analysis, standardization, and safe distribution/use.
  • The word "pharmacy" originates from the Greek word "pharmakon," meaning medicine or drug.
  • A pharmacist is a drug expert, responsible for complete drug knowledge.
  • Physicians, dentists, and veterinarians are experts in drug effects, while pharmacists are experts in all aspects of drugs.
  • Early pharmaceutical records date back to the near East (Babylonia and Egypt) around 1500 BC, demonstrating early understanding of drugs and their use.
  • During the Middle Ages (5th-15th centuries), pharmacy and medicine were practiced together, without distinct specializations.
  • Traditional healers frequently employed both natural remedies and supernatural beliefs in their practice.
  • The Greeks (around 460 BC) sought rational explanations for diseases. They also recognized religious and spiritual aspects of healing.
  • Apollo and Asklepios are significant Greek gods associated with medicine and healing.
  • Asklepios, son of Apollo and Coronis, was a Greek hero and god of medicine and healing. He's recognized by his staff with a snake wrapped around it.
  • The staff and snake are symbols of medicine and healing.
  • Zeus killed Asclepius because he used powers to bring a person back from the dead.
  • The staff of Asklepios, entwined with a snake, has become the symbol of medicine.
  • Christianity impacted healing practices by shifting the focus from temples to monasteries.
  • Pharmacy evolved and separated from medicine over time. Distinct roles developed for pharmacists and physicians.
  • Apothecaries were the precursors to modern pharmacists in some countries.
  • Expanding trade and demand for exotic drugs and spices heightened the role of apothecaries and traders.
  • Apothecaries gradually became recognized physicians in some countries.
  • Pharmacy became a distinct profession in Ghana in the early 20th century, with specific educational programs established.
  • Pharmacy schools were developed and evolved to meet changing needs.
  • Pharmacy training courses have evolved in durations, curriculum, and structure.
  • Pharmacy became a distinct professional field in Ghana through governmental establishments of schools and councils.
  • The Pharmacy Act of 1994 established specific regulations for pharmacists.
  • The Food and Drugs Board/Authority controls and regulates food, drugs, cosmetics, chemical substances, and medical devices.

Branches of Pharmacy and Laws

  • Branches of Pharmacy include Hospital, Industrial, Forensic, Medical representation, Retail/community, Academia, and research.
  • Existing laws and regulations govern pharmacy practice with regards to drug control and management.

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