History Of Pharmacy PDF

THEHI STORYOFPHARMACY Phar macyist hepr ofessi onwhi chisconcernedwi t htheartandscienceofprepar ing fr om nat uralandsynthet i...

THEHI STORYOFPHARMACY Phar macyist hepr ofessi onwhi chisconcernedwi t htheartandscienceofprepar ing fr om nat uralandsynthet icsources,sui tabl eandconv eni entmater ialsfordi stri but ion andusei nt hetr eat mentandpr event ionofdiseases. I tembr aces the knowledge ofthe i dent ifi cati on,sel ecti on,pharmacologic act ion, pr eservat ion, combi nati on,anal ysi sandstandardi zat ionofdrugsandmedicinesaswel l asthei rsafedist ri butionanduse. Pharmacyi sderi vedf r om t heGr eekwordPhar makonmeani ngmedi ci neordrug.A Pharmacistisapersonofdrugsoranexper tindrugs.Heistheonlyexper tindrugs. Experti seregar dingdrugsr equir esin- dept hknowledgeofal lthefacet sofpharmacyas outl inedabove. The phy si cian,the dent istand v eterinari an maypr escri be drugs and be pr i mar i ly i nterestedint heef f ectsofthosedr ugsont hepati ent,theirtherapeut icv al ueand toxi cology.Thenur semayadmi nist ert hedrugandbei nterest edi nt hedosagefor m, rootofadmi nist rat ionandtoxicmani f est ati ons.Butf orthePhar maci stasanexper tin drugs,itishi sprofessi onalresponsi bili tytoknow allaboutdr ugs.Noeducat ional programmeei t hert hanphar macypr ovidest hebackgr oundt ounder st andcompl et elyall thereistobeunderstoodaboutdr ugs. Mant hroughoutt heageshast riedt oshi el dhimselfagainstdiseasesasbestashe couldandphar macyi nawayhasbeeni nsepar ablefr om manki nd’ shi st ory.Theol dest pharmaceut i calrecordsknownar efr om thenearEastBaby l oniaandEgy pt(around 1500BC).Theser ecordsshow thatt hesepeopl eknew howev ercrudelymanyoft he basicf orms ofdr ug admini strat ion empl oy ed today,and hundr eds ofdi fferent t h t h substanceswer eusedasdr ugs.Bef or etheMiddleAges(5 -15 Cent ur y)phar macy andmedi ci newer epracti cedtogetherwi t houtaconsciousef f ortofspecial i zat ioni.e. no defined medi calpracti ti oners orphar maci sts.They coul d be called healing pract iti oners. Theheal i ngpr ofessionwasnotl imitedt odr ugsornat uralproductsonl y,butalso i nv ol vedtheempl oy mentofsuper naturalpower sandr eli gion,l i kei ti stodaywi t hsome ofourtradi ti onalheal er s.TheGreeksar ound460BCsoughtr at ionalexplanati onf ort he treat mentofdi seasesbutdi dnotr ejectreli gionandpl acedt hesuper naturalina separat ecategor y.Thuswhenlaymedi cinefail edt heGreeksstreamedi ntothetempl es forheal ing.ApolloandAsklepi oswer ethegr eatestheal inggods. Apol loisoneofthemosti mportantanddi ver seoft heOly mpiandeit iesinGreekand Romanmy t hology.Apol l ohasbeenv ari ouslyrecogni zedasagodofl ightandthesun, tr uthandprophecy,medici ne,heali ng,plague,music,poet ry,ar ts,ar cheryandmor e. Apoll oisthesonofZeusandLeto,andhasat wi nsi ster ,thechastehunt ressAr temi s. Apoll owaswor shi pedinbothancientGreekandRomanr el i gion,andinthemoder n Greco–RomanNeopagani sm. Apollowasanor acul argod.Medicineandheal i ngwereassociatedwithApol lo, whether thr ought hegodhi msel formedi atedt hroughhissonAsclepius,yetApoll owasal so seenasagodwhocoul dbri ngill -healt handdeadl ypl ague.Amongstt hegod' scust odi al charges,Apoll obecameassoci atedwi thdomi ni onovercolonist s,andast hepatron defenderofherdsandfl ocks;aswel l ast hepatr ongodofmusi candpoet r y. Asklepios/Ascl epiuswasaGr eekherowhol aterbecamet heGr eekgodofmedi cine andheal i ng.ThesonofApol loandCor oni s,Asclepi ushadf ivedaught ers,Aceso,I aso, Panacea,AglaeaandHy giei a.Hewaswor shippedt hroughoutt heGr eekwor ldbuthi s mostf amoussanct uar ywasl ocatedinEpi dauruswhi chi ssituatedinthenor theastern Peloponnese.Themai nat tr ibuteofAsclepi usi saphy si cian'sstaffwi t hanAscl epian snakewr appedaroundit;thisishowhewasdi sti nguishedi nthear tofheal ing,andhi s att ribut est i l lsurv ivestot hisdayast hesymboloft hemoder nmedi calpr ofession.The cockwasal sosacredtoAscl epiusandwast hebirdtheysacr i ficedathisal t ar. Hismot herwaskill edforbeingunfai thfult oApol l oandwaslaidoutonaf uneralpyr et o beconsumed,butt heunbornchildwasr escuedf r om herwomb.Or ,al ternat ivel y,his mot herdiedinlabourandwasl aidoutont hepy retobeconsumed,buthi sfather rescuedt hechil d,cutt inghim outf r om herwomb.Fr om thi sher eceiv edt hename Asklepi os" tocutopen". Apol locarri edt hebabyt ot hecentaurChironwhor ai sed Asclepiusandinst ruct edhimi ntheartofmedicine. Zeuskill edAscl epiuswithat hunderbol tbecauseher aisedHi ppoly tusf r om t hedead andacceptedgoldf ori t.ThisangeredApol l owhoi ntur nmur deredthecy clopswhohad madethet hunderboltf orZeus.Fort hisact,ZeusbannedApol l of r om theni ghtskyand commandedApol lotoser v eAdmet us,KingofThessaly.Af terAsclepius'deat h,Zeus pl acedAscl epi usamongt hestarsastheconst el l ati onOphi uchus( "t heSer pentHol der "). Itissai dthatatt hetouchoft hestuf forhandort ongueoft hesacr edser pentof Asklepios,mi r acul oust hingshappened.Thest affofAskl epi osent winedbyhi ssacr ed serpenthasgr aduall yemer gedastheoffi cialsymbolofmedi ci near oundthewor ld.On therighthandofAskl epiosandhelpingtomi ni stertotheaf fl i cted, stoodHy gi eia,oneof herdaught er s,herarm ent winedbyaser pentandhol dingabowl ,nowt houghtt ohav e containedthehealingpot ion.Herbowlentwinedbyt heser penthasgr aduall yemer ged ast heof fi cialsymboli nphar macyinmostpar t soft hewor ld.I nsomepar t st oo, pharmacyi ssy mboli zedbyRx,( t akedown).Thesy mboloft hephar maceut i calsociety ofGhanai st hepest l eandmor tarwit hanengr av edRx,andacapsul eonal eaf under neath,al lenci rcl edbyaf l ower-wit ht hewri ti ng“ThePharmaceut icalSoci etyof Ghana”andmot t o“AmicusHumaniGener is”(meani ng-fr iendoft hehumanr ace). Wit ht headventofChrist ianit y,t heheali ngt emplesofAsklepiosev ent ual l yfel lint o di suse.Monaster iesbecamet hecent resofintel l ectuall if eincl udingpharmacomedi cal st udyandpr acti ce.Duri ngt hesecondhalfoft heEuropeanMi ddl eAges,phar macy gr aduall ymov ed Ascl epi uswi thhi sser pent -ent winedst aff Ascl epi oswi thhi sdaught erHy giei a Prof essionalandpat i entcent redorgani sati ons(suchastheNZMA,inf actmost medicalAssoci at ionsar oundt hewor l dincl udi ngt heWorl dHealthOrganizat ion) usethe" correct "andt radi tionalsymbolofmedicine,t hest affofAscl epi uswi tha si ngleser pentencir cli ngast af f. Thecaduceuswast hemagi cst affofHermes( Mercur y),t hegodof commer ce,el oquence,i nv ent ion,tr avelandtheft ,andsowasasy mbol ofheral dsandcommer ce,notmedi ci ne.Thewordscaduit y&caducous i mplyt empor al i ty,perishabl eness and seni l it y,whilethe medical prof essi onespousesr enewal,vit ali tyandhealt h.  GMA out side the monast eri es,became separ at ed from medi cine and began to evolve i ndependentst andardsandr esponsi bil it ies.Thistrendbecamenot i ceabl eear l yinItaly , Spai nandFr ancewhi chprov i dedt r ansitpointf ordrugsandf orpharmacomedi cal knowl edgef l owi ngalongt heMedi ter raneant rader out esf r om themor eadv anced Islami cCivil i zat i ons.Forpharmacy ,t heinfl uencewasi mpor tantbecauseasearlyast he t h 9 Cent uryt he rise ofa qual i fi ed pharmaci stas a separ at ef unct ionary was realized/report ed. Theadv anceswhi chwer emadet owardst heseparat ionofphar macyfrom medi ci ne wer e gr adualext ending ov erthousands ofy ears.The earlyphysici ans invar iabl y practi cedPhar macy.Thei ncreasi ngcompl exi tyofmedicalfor mulae,t helabori ouswor k i nv ol vedi ntheirprepar ati on,andt heat t ainmentofhi gherstat usgraduall ymadet he pursuitofPharmacydi stastefult ophy si ciansandi twasdelegat edtoassistantscall ed Apothecaries– whogr adual l ybecamei ndependentandest abli shedshopsatwhi ch prescri pti onswer edi spensedandf avour edr emediessold. I n some count ri es the Apot hecar ies wer ethe fore- runner s oft he presentday Pharmacist.ButinEnglandandsomeot hercountr iest heybecamet hegeneralmedi cal practi ti oners.Wideninginter coursebetweennat i onsbroughtint ousemanyexot icdr ugs and spices,and thet radeint hesecommodi ti esbecamet hespecialinterestand ul timatelythe monopol yofa sect i on oft rader sf rom whom the physicians and apothecari esandot herspurchasedtheirrequi rements. IntheMi ddleAges, ar ound1542, theapothecariesgr aduallyassumedt herol eofunpai d medicalat tendant s(reimbur sing t hemselves f rom t he char ges f or medici nes). Eventuall y,inabout1721, theybecamer ecognizedmedi calpracti ti oner sonequalterms witht hephy si cians.Theyl atermanagedt ogetal aw passedi nt hei rfavourwhich prohi bi t edt hegr ocer s( Pepper ers-speciali stdr ugmer chant s,dr uggi st sandspi cers) keepinganApot hecaryshop–di spensingestablishment s.Butt hel awdidnotgivethe apothecariest hemonopol yoft hesal eofdrugs.Thedr uggiststhereforecont inuedafter 1617asv endor sofcr udedr ugsf rom whom t heapot hecar i esaswel last hepublic obtai ned t heir suppli es.A l ong st andi ng di sput e bet ween t he physi cians and apothecariesdeal taheav yblow t othev olumeofbusi nessoft heapot hecari es,and event uall yledtot heint roducti onofdispensi ngassi stant s(r ecr uit edf rom t hedr uggi sts anddisgr untl edapot hecaryassi stant s. These assi st ants became pr of icientand nat ur ally aspi red t oi ndependence and commencedbusi nessont hei rownaccountassuppl i ersandv endorsofdr ugsand assumedt het i tl echemi stsorphar maceut i calchemi st.Chemistwasbyt henwas already used by a f ew,who pr epar ed and sold chemicalremedies whi ch were i ncr easinglyusedi nmedi ci ne.Theseassi stantsfrom thedispensari esandt heself - styled dispensing chemi sts are pr obablyt he di rectf or e-r unners ofpr esentday phar macists.Theytrainedot hersandf ormedanew cl asswithwiderknowledget han thedr uggistsparti cularl yoft hechemi calsubstancesthat/whi chwer ebecomi ngmor e freelyusedi nmedicine. Mostoft heapot hecari escontinuedt ogi v eagr eaterattent iontomedi cal pract i cetot he neglectofpharmacy ;t hisledtoagapi nphar maceut i calservi ces, whichwasdul yf i l led bythedr uggist sanddi spensi ngassi stants.Abi l lpassedi nEngl and,in1851gav et he chemi standdr uggistsrecogniti onoft hestatust heyhav egainedasdi spenser sand vendor sofdr ugsand medi cines.To consol idatet hei rposition,t hechemi st sand druggistsfor medaper manentor ganizati oncalledt hePharmaceut icalSocietyofGr eat Brit ain,whichwaschar gedwi thther esponsibil it yamongstot hersofest abl ishinga system ofeducat ionandexami nat ion,whi chwi llplacethedr uggistsandchemi sts abov erepr oachi ntermsofqual if icati on. THEHI STORYOFPHARMACYI NGHANA Asfarbackas1897, thegov er nmentofGhana( thenGol dCoast )deci dedtoest abli sha schoolt otrai npersonneltodi spenseDoctorsprescri ptions.Theearlyorgani zat i onof thetraini ngi snotclear ,buti nabout1923,Ser geantHar t,acommanderi nt heRoy al ArmyMedi calCorps,wasr ecr uitedtotr ainlocalpersonnelintheactofdi spensingat theonlyhospi tali nAccr a,thensi t uat edatt hesi t enow occupi edbythehi ghcour t buil dings.Theent r ancequal i fi cationwasthethenst andard7,wi t h2yearsdurationand maximum enr olmentofthree(3). In1927whent heKor l e-Buhospit alwascommi ssioned,t heschoolwast ransfer red ther et o all ow f orexpansi on.The demand f ormedi caland di spensing ser vi ces compelled t hegov ernmentt oinstit uteat raini ng schemef ormedi calassi stant s- Peoplewithafairknowl edgeinbothnur si nganddi spensing, t odiagnose, prescri beand compounddr ugsf orsi mpleail ment sforpat ientsi nsmal lhospital sandcl ini cswhi ch couldnotbest aff edwi thresi dentmedi calof f icers.Entrancequal ifi cati onwast he Cambr i dgeSchoolCer ti fi cateA,passinChemi stryandbi ology.Thefirst9mont hswer e devotedtobasicnur sing,bothmedicalandsurgicalont hewar ds,fol lowedbyacour se ofinstr ucti onindi spensingf or2.5years.Subjectst aughtincl uded;themat eri almedica, toxi cology,t herapeuticsandsimplecalculat ionsinpharmaceuti cs.Thi sper iodwasthen foll owedbyabr i efper i odoftraini ng3- 6monthsatt hemedicalstorestol ear nstock control ,andatt hesur gi calt heatre,t oacqui rethetechni quesofadmi ni steri nggeneral anaesthet ics.Thet r aineesqual ifi edwithadi spensi ngcert ifi cate. In1944, withtheappoi ntmentofMr.Er i cAllman, achemi standdr uggist ,tot heschool , nursingwasi mmedi atel ydivorcedf rom dispensi ngt oallow mor etimef ort r ainingin pharmacypr oper.Thecour secont entwasupgr adedandt het i tl e“ t raineedi spenser ” changedt o“ t rai neephar maci st ”.Itwasa3y earcour seandsuccessf ulcandi dates passedoutwi thacer tifi cateofcompet ency.Inl atery earswhensomeoft het r ained dispensers owned t hei rpr i vate dr ug stores,t he appr enti ceshi pt raining scheme emer ged.Awoul dbedi spenserr egister sasanappr ent i ceofaqual i fi eddi spenserand under st udiedhi mi nt heshopf oraper i od.Oncompl eti onofhi sappr ent i ceshipand passing t he gov er nment dr uggists qualif y i ng exami nation,he was cer t ifi ed as compet enttobeamast erofhi sown.About1945, Mr.Allmani nsti tut edni ghtcl assesin botht heoryandpr acticalsinPhar macyf orout siderst obecomequal i fiedphar maci sts. Manyoft heoldergener ati onsst i lli npr acti ce, wer eproduct soft hesev ariouscour ses. Whent heKumasiCol legeoft echnology,l aterUSTandnowKNUSTwasest abl ishedin 1952,thedispensingschool,stil lundert heleadershi pofMr.All man,wast ransfer red fr om AccratoKumasi , t obecomeoneoft heschool softhenewi nst it uti on.Thiswast o enableitexpanditscour secont entaswel lasi t sst udentint ake.Thephar macyand poisonsboardcer ti fi catewasi ntroducedi n1953.Thedur ati onoft hecour sewas 4yearsaft erGCE, O-l evel.2yearsforGCE, A-l evelinPhy si cs,Chemist ryandBi ol ogy,and 2yearsforconc.Courseinphar macy.Thefinalbatchofstudentsforthepharmacyand poisonsboardcert ifi catecompl etedtheirst udiesin1963. In1961,whent heKCT becameUST,t heschoolofphar macywhi chwast raining di plomat s,becameaf acult y ,undert hedeanshi pofMr.Er icAl l manandgear edi ts course ofi nstructi on tot he degr ee l evel.The f ir stbat ch of7 under graduat e pharmacistswasadmi ttedtot he3y eardegr eest udiesinOct ,1961andgr aduat edi n June1964.TheB. Phar m par tonewast akenatt heendoft hef ir sty ear,inphy siology, anatomyandphar macognosy.Wit htheint roducti onofnewt echniquesandnewar eas ofst udi esnecessar yforpr eparingt hewoul d- bephar maci stst ocopewi thcur rent tr endsi nphar maceut i calpract i ce,itsoonbecameobv i oust hatt he3y earcour seof studywaswoef ull yinadequat e.Alreadyt hef i naly earstudentwasdoi ngt hemaxi mum numberofschoolhour s perweek;excl uding the extra hour s perweek he must necessaril ytakeoutofhi sleisurehour stobeabl et ocompl et epr ojectassi gnment s. Toav oi dbreaki ngdownthephy sicalandment alheal thoft hest udents,t henew4y ear honourscoursewasmountedi n1969.Thefir st3year swassupposedtoprepar et he studentsi nbasi cphar macy.Int he4th year,t hestudenti st hentakenthroughan adv anceinstrument ati oncour se,biophar maceut i cs,pharmacologyandphar maceutics. Hei sassignedapr acticalproblem ofprojectandhesubmi tst hereportoft hepr oj ect th wor kasi tist oday.The4 y earcour seist herefor e,deli beratelydesi gnednotonl yt o offert he studentt he basici ndustr ialphar maceuticaltrai ning,butal so hisfirst exper i enceinr esearchandpr esentati onofr esearchreports. Aftergraduat ion,apharmacisthast o do a1yearint ernshi p,si tsand passesthe professi onalqual if yingexaminati onsandisregi ster edbyt hePhar macyCouncilupon paymentoft her i ghtfees;beforehecanhol dhimsel foutassuch.Hemustal so continuetobeofgoodstandi ngatallt imes. In1968,t heMOH incoll abor ati onwiththeUniv ersi tyrei ntr oduceda2y eardipl oma course ostensi blyt o augmentthe annualout putofgr aduat e pharmacist s.The successfuldipl omat sweredesignat edpharmacytechnol ogi sts,buttheprogramme endedaround1974. Since1964,postgr aduateopport unit iesl eadingtothedegr eeofM.Phar m,MSc,M. Phi l andPhDhav ebeenofferedi nalltherel evantdi scipl ines.Thefacul tyhowev er, awar ded i tsf i rstPhDtoProf.M.T.Bayori n2007. PI CTURES Apol l o,Ascl epi us, staf fofAscl epi us, symbol sofmedi cine, symbol ofphar macy BRANCHESOFPHARMACY HOSPI TALPHARMACY I NDUSTRI ALPHARMACY FORENSI CPHARMACY MEDI CALREPRESENTATI ON RETAI L/COMMUNI TYPHARMACY ACADEMI A–PHARMACEUTI CALEDUCATI ONANDRESEARCH LAWS&REGULATI ONS FOODANDDRUGSLAW -1992, PNDCL305B: (Amendment )Act523, 1996  - FDB/FDA PHARMACYACT-Act489, 1994 - PHARMACYCOUNCI L PSGH -CONSTI TUTI ONOFPSGH -BYE- LAWSOFPSGH CONSTI TUTI ONS&BYE- LAWSOFSUB- GROUPSOFPSGH - GHOSPA -Gov ’tHospi talPhar maci sts’ Associ ati on - CPPA -Communi tyPhar maci sts’ Associ ati onofGhana - LAPAG -LadyPhar maci sts’ Associ ati onofGhana - ARSPA -Academi c,Resear ch and Soci alPhar maci stsAssoc.of Ghana - GPSA -St udent swi ng. - I PA -I ndust ri alPhar maci stsAssoci ati on - AREPI -Medi calRepr esent ati ons of Dr ug Manuf act urer s and Deal ers. FDA&THEPHARMACYCOUNCI L TheFoodandDr ugsBoard(FDB)(nowFoodandDr ugsAuthori tyFDA)wasestabli shedbytheFood andDr ugsLaw 1992,PNDCL305B.Thi sl aw hassincebeenamendedbyt heFoodandDr ugs (Amendment )Act523,1996toprovi defortheforti fi cati onofsalttoal lev iat enutri ti onaldef ici enci es andt obr i ngtheprovi sionsofthel aw i nconf ormit ywi t ht he1992consti tut ion,andprovi defor rel atedissues. Befor e1990,thecontr olofdr ugsandt hepr act iceofphar macypr ofessi onwer eundert hePhar macy andDrugsAct64,1961. I n1990,t hePr ovi sionalNat i onalDefenseCounci l(PNDC)passed theNar coti csDr ug Contr ol, EnforcementandSanct i onsLaw,PNDCL236.Thi slaw est abl i shedtheNar coti csControlBoardto dealwiththeri singincidenceofdrugabuseinthecount ryandthethr eateni ngdimensionsthatil li cit drugdeali nghadt akeni nter nati onal ly.In1992,thePNDCseparatedt hecont r olofdrugsotherthan narcoti csfrom t hepr acti ceofPharmacy. The Food and DrugsLaw 1992,PNDCL 305B wast hen enact ed to contr olthe manufact ure, i mpor t ati on,exportat ion,dist ri buti on,useandadv er ti sementoff ood,drugs,cosmeti cs,chemical subst ancesandmedi caldevi ces.Consequent lyi n1992,t hePNDCsepar atedthecontr olofdrugs fr om thepract iceofpharmacy. ThePharmacyAct489,1994wassubsequentl ypassedi n1994t oest abl isht hePharmacyCounci lto regul atet hepract iceofthePhar macyprofessi onandtheregi str ati onofPhar maci stsinGhana. Alt hought heFoodandDr ugsLaw waspassedi n1992,i twasnotunt i lAugust26,1997thatthe Boardwasi naugurat ed.TheFoodandDrugsBoar d/Aut hor it yisundert hecontrolandsuper visi onof theMini sterresponsi bleforHeal th. Chi efExecut iveOf fi cer :Mr.HuduMogt ari( Phar maci st) Regi str ar, Phar macyCounci l:Mr.JKN, Nyoagbe( Phar maci st) PSGH: PSGH i sthe umbrell a pr ofessi onalassociat ion of al l regi steredPharmaci stsinGhana.I tisanon-gov er nment al organisat ion wit h st atutory positi ons on the Pharmacy Counci land ot herorganisati ons rel ati ng t o phar macyor medi cines.TheSocietyplay sadv ocacy ,or gani sat ional ,educat ionalandcont rolr oles l ocal l yandi nt ernat ional ly. ThePSGH wasst ar tedast hePharmaceut i calSoci etyofGoldCoastont he19th of December1935outoft heformerGoldCoastPhar maci stsandDr uggistUni onandt he Chemist sDef i anceAssociat ion,whi chexistedbefore1929.I twasfoundedbyagr oup ofPharmacistsledbyt helateMr.Wil li am Ay i ahHanson.TheSocietybecamet he t h Pharmaceut icalSoci etyofGhanaonthe19 ofOct ober1957. Theobj ect ivesoft heSocietyincl udeplacingatt hedisposaloft hegov ernmentand peopleofGhana,t hebenef itofpharmaceut i calexper tiseandt ocooper atewi t ht he governmentandot heragenciesinensuri ngthatpharmaceuticalservi cescompar ableto thebestgloball y,areavail ableandaccessibletothepeopleofGhana.Ot herobject i ves i ncludepr omoting cooperati on and col laborati on among health carepr ofessionals, promotingacor poratespiri tamongPhar macist si nGhana,encour agingexchangeof i deasamongmember sandor gani singmeetingsandotherfunct i onst opromot esoci al i ntercourseamongstmember s.