Questions and Answers
Who identified Treponema pallidum in 1905?
Which organism was shown to cause silkworm disease by Shigetane Ishiwata in 1906?
During which period is considered The Golden Age of Microbiology?
What significant discovery related to typhus fever did Charles Henry Nicolle make in 1910?
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What did Paul Ehrlich announce in 1912?
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Who coined the term 'cell' after viewing cork through a microscope?
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Which scientist performed the first documented controlled scientific experiment, challenging the Theory of Spontaneous Generation?
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What significant contribution did Louis Pasteur make to microbiology in 1857?
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Which scientist established the 'Theory of Biogenesis' in 1858?
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Who is known for describing the roles of bacteria in the cycling of elements in nature?
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What advancement did Edward Jenner achieve in 1798?
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Which scientist identified Clostridium perfringens as the causative agent of gangrene?
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Who developed the vaccine for rabies in 1885?
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Which scientist is credited with formalizing Koch's Postulates?
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Who performed significant work on microorganisms responsible for nitrification?
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What did Ignaz Semmelweis advocate in 1840?
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Which scientist is recognized for the introduction of agar as a solid medium?
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Which individual showed that a filterable virus causes Yellow fever in 1900?
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Who discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin?
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What significant concept did Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty demonstrate in 1944?
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Which scientists developed the three-dimensional model of DNA structure in 1953?
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In the context of microbiology, what does the term 'antibiotic' refer to?
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Which of the following presented the first method of replica plating?
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Who produced the first genetically-engineered organisms in 1973?
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What did Francois Jacob and Jacques Monod develop in 1961?
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In 1969, Robert Whittaker proposed which classification system?
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Study Notes
Early Years of Microbiology
- Robert Hooke (1665) observed cork under a microscope, introducing the term "cell."
- Francesco Redi (1668) conducted the first controlled experiment, challenging the Theory of Spontaneous Generation.
- Anton van Leeuwenhoek (1674) first viewed living microorganisms, coining the term "animalcules."
The Golden Age of Microbiology (1700-1899)
- Carl Linnaeus (1735) developed binomial nomenclature for organism classification.
- John Needham (1745) presented a formal argument supporting Spontaneous Generation.
- Lazzaro Spallanzani (1767) disproved Spontaneous Generation through experiments with gravy.
- Edward Jenner (1798) pioneered vaccination techniques against smallpox.
- Agostino Bassi (1835) identified a fungus as the causative agent of silkworm disease.
- Ignaz Semmelweis (1840) advocated for handwashing among physicians during childbirth.
- John Snow (1854) linked contaminated water to the cholera epidemic in England.
- Louis Pasteur (1857) developed pasteurization to eliminate pathogens in food.
- Rudolf Virchow (1858) introduced the "Theory of Biogenesis," stating life arises from pre-existing life.
- Pasteur's experiment in 1861 provided conclusive evidence against Spontaneous Generation and supported the Cell Theory.
- Ernst Haeckel (1866) proposed a third kingdom of life: Protista.
- Joseph Lister (1867) introduced phenol for surgical disinfection to reduce infection risk.
Key Discoveries in Microbiology (1870-1899)
- Thomas Huxley (1870) defined biogenesis and abiogenesis.
- Ferdinand Cohn (1872) explored the role of bacteria in nutrient cycling.
- Robert Koch (1876) validated the Germ Theory of Disease, establishing rules for pathogen identification.
- Albert Neisser (1879) discovered the causative agent of gonorrhea: Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
- Pasteur developed vaccines for chicken cholera (1880) and rabies (1885).
- Koch identified Vibrio cholerae (1883) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis (1882).
- Elie Metchnikoff (1884) described the process of phagocytosis in immune response.
- Hans Christian Gram (1884) created the Gram stain, a vital technique for bacteria classification.
- Julius Richard Petri (1887) invented the Petri dish for culturing microbes.
Advances in Microbiology (1900-1919)
- Walter Reed (1900) demonstrated that yellow fever is caused by a filterable virus.
- D.H. Bergey (1923) published a comprehensive classification of bacteria.
- Alexander Fleming (1929) discovered penicillin, the first antibiotic.
- The term "antibiotic" emerged in 1942 to describe natural substances that combat bacteria.
- Jonas Salk initiated polio vaccine trials in the 1950s, contributing to disease prevention.
- The electron microscope was invented in 1934, revolutionizing cellular imaging.
Modern Era of Microbiology (1950-Present)
- James Watson and Francis Crick unveiled the double helix structure of DNA in 1953.
- John Lederberg developed the replica plating technique in 1952, aiding genetics research.
- Molecular biology advances in the 1970s included the introduction of restriction enzymes and the first genetically engineered organisms.
- The discovery of retroviral oncogenes and DNA sequencing methods furthered genetic research.
- Woese identified Archaea, showing the diversity of life forms beyond previously recognized domains.
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Description
Test your knowledge on significant events in microbiology history. This quiz covers key discoveries made by notable scientists, including the identification of Treponema pallidum and findings related to silkworm disease. Explore essential milestones during The Golden Age of Microbiology and important contributions to our understanding of diseases.
