History of Microbiology PDF

THE HisTory of Microbiology YEAR NAME CONTRIBUTION 1600-1699: The Early Years of Microbiology 1665 Robert Hooke view cork through a microscope; coined the t...

THE HisTory of Microbiology YEAR NAME CONTRIBUTION 1600-1699: The Early Years of Microbiology 1665 Robert Hooke view cork through a microscope; coined the term “cell” 1668 Francesco Redi performed the first documented controlled scientific experiment; the first major blow to the Theory of Spontaneous Generation 1674 the first scientist to view living microorganisms; Anton van marks the beginning of Microbiology End of 19th Leeuwenhoek “animalcules” to “microorganisms” Century 1700 - 1749: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1735 Carl Linnaeus developed a taxonomy and a naming system (binomial nomenclature) for organisms 1745 John Needham published a formal presentation of the “Theory of Spontaneous Generation” 1750 - 1799: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1767 Lazzaro Spallanzani performed experiment with boiled and unboiled gravy; Concluded that spontaneous generation cannot be corrected 1798 Edward Jenner introduced vaccination 1800 - 1849: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1835 Agostino Bassi proved that a fungus is the cause of silkworm disease 1840 Ignaz Semmelweis gave the idea that physicians should wash their hands when assisting in childbirth 1850 - 1859: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1854 John Snow identified contaminated water as the cause of cholera epidemic in England 1857 Louis Pasteur developed the process of Pasteurization 1858 Rudolf Virchow introduced the “Theory of Biogenesis” 1860 - 1869: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1861 Louis Pasteur provided the final disproof of the theory of spontaneous generation; Led to Cell Theory 1866 Ernst Haeckel proposed a third Kingdom of Life: The Protista 1867 Joseph Lister phenol ( carbolic acid) to treat surgical wounds 1870 - 1879: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1870 Thomas Huxley coined the term “biogenesis” (life from pre-existing life) and “abiogenesis” (life from nonliving materials) 1872 Ferdinand Cohn described the roles of bacteria in the cycling of elements in nature 1876 Robert Koch validates the Germ Theory of Disease 1879 Albert Ludwig Neisser identified the causative agent of gonorrhea (Neisseria gonorrhoeae) 1880 - 1889: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1880 Pasteur developed a vaccine for chicken cholera 1881 Koch developed concept of achieving pure culture using solid media 1882 The Hess’ developed agar as a solid medium; Koch identified Mycobacterium tuberculosis 1883 Koch identified Vibrio cholerae 1884 Elie Metchnikoff described phagocytosis; Theodor Escherich discovered and described the bacterium Escherichia coli; Hans Christian Gram developed the Gram stain; Koch formalizes Koch’s Postulates 1885 Pasteur developed the vaccine for rabies 1887 Julius Richard Petri developed the petri plate for use with solid culture media 1890 - 1899: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1890 von Behring and developed a process for producing diphtheria Kitasato antitoxin; Sergei Winogradsky performed the definitive work on the microorganisms responsible for nitrification nature 1891 Paul Ehrlich proposed that antibodies are responsible for immunity 1892 William Welch and identified Clostridium perfringens as the causative George Nuttall agent of gangrene Dmitri Ivanowski launches the field of virology 1897 Edward Buchner discovered that fermentation can be accomplished with a cell-free yeast extract 1899 Ronald Ross described the life cycle of the malaria parasite; First Briton to be awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine 1900 - 1909: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1900 Walter Reed & showed that a filterable virus causes Yellow fever colleagues 1901 E. Wildiers discovered an essential growth factor (Vit.B) 1904 Cornelius Johan suggested that fungi play an important role in Koning decomposition 1905 Fritz Schaudinn & identified Treponema pallidum Erich Hoffman Shigetane Ishiwata discovered silkworm disease caused by Bacillus thuringiensis 1906 N.L. Sohngen showed bacteria can use methane as an energy and carbon source 1907 Erwin Smith and C.O. discovered Agrobacterium Townsend 1909 Howard Ricketts showed that Rocky Mountain fever is caused by Rickettsia 1910 - 1911: The Golden Age of Microbiology 1910 Charles Henry Nicolle showed that typhus fever is transmitted from person to person by body lice 1911 Francis Peyton Rous discovered that a virus causes cancer in chicken The Modern Age of Microbiology 1912 Paul Ehrlich announced the discovery of Salvarsan for syphilis “Magic Bullet era” 1915 M.H. Crady developed the fecal coliform test for bacteriological analysis of water 1918 Worldwide influenza epidemic kills more than 20 million people 1919 Blood agar is used for the first time 1920 - 1939: The Modern Age of Microbiology 1923 D.H. Bergey published the characterization and classification of bacteria 1928 Frederick Griffith discovered Transformation in bacteria 1929 Alexander Fleming discovered the first antibiotic, Penicillin 1931 van Niel showed that some photosynthetic bacteria use reduced compounds as source of electrons Begins the first General Microbiology course 1934 electron microscope was invented 1935 Domagk discovered antimetabolite antibiotic, Prontosil 1938 Theiler produced a successful vaccine against yellow fever 1940 - 1949: The Modern Age of Microbiology 1940 Howard Florey and produced an extract of penicillin Ernst Chain Chain and Edward described a substance that inactivates penicillin Abraham 1941 Beadle and Tatum published studies on the relationship between genes and enzymes 1942 The term “antibiotic” comes into existence 1944 Avery, MacLeod & showed that Griffitth’s transforming factor is DNA McCarty 1946 Lederberg & Tatum explained conjugation 1947 Selman Waksman published a comprehensive definition of the word antibiotic 1950 - 1959: The Modern Age of Microbiology 1952 Lederberg and developed the method of replica plate Lederberg Esther Lederberg discovered the lambda phage 1953 James Watson and developed the three-dimensional model of DNA Francis Crick structure Jonas Salk begins preliminary testing of a polio vaccine 1958 Matthew Meselson and showed the semi conservative nature of DNA Frank Stahl replication 1960 - 1979: The Modern Age of Microbiology 1961 Francois Jacob and developed the lac operon model Jacques Monod Nirenberg and synthesized poly-U RNA Matthaei 1964 Epstein, Achong and showed that virus (EBV) can cause cancer in Barr humans 1965 Linus Pauling suggested that DNA can be used to understand evolutionary relationships 1969 Robert Whittaker proposed the five - kingdom system 1971 Nathans, Smith, and discovered restriction enzymes Arber 1973 Berg, Boyer and produced the first genetically-engineered Cohen organisms 1977 Bishop and Varmus discovered retroviral oncogenes Sanger developed method for determining the nucleotide sequence of DNA 1978 Woese discovered unusual prokaryotes called “Archaea” (Archaebacteria)