History of Medicine Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What significant medical condition was described by Sushruta around 600 BC?

  • Heart disease
  • Diabetes (correct)
  • Intestinal infection
  • Leprosy

Which ancient text is considered the oldest preserved Egyptian compilation of medical texts?

  • Sushruta Samhita
  • Ebers Papyrus (correct)
  • The Canon of Medicine
  • Hippocratic Corpus

What did Hippocrates contribute to medical understanding during 300 BC - 180 AD?

  • Identifying infectious agents
  • Advancements in surgical techniques
  • Theory of the four humors (correct)
  • The concept of contagion

What unusual attraction did Sushruta note about the urine of diabetic patients?

<p>It attracts black ants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What symptom of diabetes was recorded in the Ebers Papyrus around 1500 BC?

<p>Passage of large amounts of urine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following responsibilities should a clinical laboratory professional prioritize for accurate testing results?

<p>Ensure accuracy and precision of results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which job opportunity would a medical technologist typically NOT be employed?

<p>Veterinary laboratory scientist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field of specialty focuses specifically on diseases of the blood and blood-forming organs?

<p>Hematology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option does NOT represent a typical place of work for professionals in clinical laboratory science?

<p>Technical schools (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key role of laboratory professionals in health promotion programs?

<p>Collaborating with other health care professionals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who led the reorganization of the abandoned laboratory in October 1945?

<p>Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the training program offered by Dr. de Roda and his colleagues between 1947 and 1954?

<p>To train medical technicians (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which division of the US army was responsible for establishing the first clinical laboratory in the Philippines?

<p>6th Infantry Division (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did the Manila Public Health Laboratory become non-operational?

<p>June 1945 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which individual served as the Manila City Health Officer and supported Dr. de Roda in 1945?

<p>Dr. Mariano Icasian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of Robert Koch's postulates states that a pathogen must be present in all cases of a disease?

<p>The pathogen must be present in all cases of a disease. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Dr. William Welch make to medical education?

<p>He became the first dean of a major university medical school. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The book titled 'Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory Methods' was authored by which individual?

<p>James Campbell Todd (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did the Pennsylvania state legislature enact a law related to clinical laboratories?

<p>1918 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which university was the first to offer a medical technology degree program?

<p>University of Minnesota (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the American Society for Clinical Laboratory Science when it was established?

<p>Promoting collaboration between laboratory technicians and physicians. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which divisions were included in clinical laboratory administrative units established in large hospitals in 1920?

<p>Bacteriology, serology, and radiology. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant development in the professional recognition of medical technologists during the 1950s?

<p>The implementation of licensure laws. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did John Kolmer publish in 1918 regarding laboratory technicians?

<p>A demand for and training requirements of laboratory technicians. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Bureau of Government Laboratories established in 1901?

<p>It managed the production of vaccines. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which significant change occurred in the Bureau of Government Laboratories in 1905?

<p>It became the Bureau of Science which focused on tropical diseases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which institution was established first as a clinical laboratory in the Philippines?

<p>First Clinical Laboratory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the first director of the Bureau of Government Laboratories known for?

<p>Leading vaccine production efforts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year was the Hospital Real established in Cebu?

<p>1887 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT part of the Bureau of Government Laboratories' facilities?

<p>Clinical sample examination rooms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did the U.S. healthcare team play in relation to the First Clinical Laboratory?

<p>They built the laboratory based on military needs. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the main functions of the Laboratory Municipal de Manila?

<p>Performing laboratory examinations of food, water, and samples (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medical technology was invented in the 1590s?

<p>Compound microscope (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is known as the 'Father of Microbiology' for improving the compound microscope in the 17th century?

<p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes Richard Lower's contribution in the 18th century?

<p>He performed blood transfusions from one animal to another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Frederick Dekkers discover regarding proteins in urine?

<p>They precipitate when boiled with acetic acid. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Louis Pasteur is best known for which significant achievement in the 19th century?

<p>Developing a vaccine against anthrax. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What principle forms the basis of Koch's postulates?

<p>Pure cultures must induce disease when introduced to healthy subjects. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What technique is associated with John Snow in relation to public health in the 19th century?

<p>Identifying the cholera outbreak sources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is associated with the identification and classification of bacteria shapes?

<p>Anton van Leeuwenhoek (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Isaac Judaeus known for in relation to uroscopy?

<p>Formulating rules for using urine in diagnosis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes hematuria as defined by Rufus of Ephesus?

<p>A diagnosis related to visual examination of urine. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Clinical Laboratory Testing

Performing laboratory tests to analyze patient samples for medical diagnoses.

Specimen Preservation

Maintaining the integrity and quality of biological samples for analysis.

Laboratory Accuracy

Ensuring test results are precise and free from errors.

Medical Technologist Roles

A professional responsible for conducting diagnostic tests and ensuring accurate results.

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Health Care Professional Collaboration

Working together with other health professionals to provide comprehensive care.

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Ebers Papyrus

Oldest preserved Egyptian medical text.

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Sushruta

Ancient Indian physician who described diabetes.

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Diabetes in Sushruta's time

Identified by sweet urine attracting ants.

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Hippocrates

Ancient Greek physician, 'Father of Medicine'.

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Four Humors

Ancient Greek medical theory, imbalance causes diseases.

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Uroscopy

A method of diagnosing illness by visually examining urine's physical characteristics.

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Rufus of Ephesus

A physician known for his description of hematuria and attributing it to kidney problems.

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Isaac Judaeus

An author who formulated rules for using urine in patient diagnoses and wrote 'Kitab al-Baul' (The Book of Urine).

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Zacharias Janssen and Hans Janssen

A father-son duo credited with inventing the compound microscope.

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Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Considered the ‘Father of Microbiology’ for his improvements to the microscope and classification of bacteria.

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Frederick Dekkers

Found that proteins in urine precipitate when boiled with acetic acid.

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Richard Lower

A physician who performed the first successful blood transfusion from one animal to another.

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William Hewson

Discovered that plasma could be separated from blood cells, calling it 'coagulable lymph'.

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John Snow

Investigated a cholera outbreak in London in 1854, linking it to contaminated water.

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Louis Pasteur

Developed pasteurization and a vaccine against anthrax. He also studied aerobic and anaerobic bacteria.

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Koch's Postulates

Four criteria used to determine if a specific microbe causes a specific disease. They involve isolating, culturing, and reintroducing the microbe, demonstrating its ability to cause the disease, and reisolating it from the infected organism.

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First Clinical Laboratory in the US

Established in the mid-1800s at the University of Michigan Hospital, this marked a crucial step in the development of medical technology in the United States.

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Dr. William Welch's Contribution

He played a significant role in establishing laboratory-based medical education by opening teaching laboratories and leading the Department of Pathology at John Hopkins University.

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Todd's Book

A book entitled "Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory Methods" published by James Campbell Todd in 1908, which became a standard resource in medical laboratories.

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John Bernard Henry's Contribution

He edited Todd's book, which was then renamed "Clinical Diagnosis and Management by Laboratory Methods", further emphasizing the importance of lab techniques in patient care.

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John Kolmer's Influence

He published the growing demand for trained laboratory technicians in 1918, stimulating the development of formal education programs.

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Pennsylvania's Role in Lab Education

The State legislature of Pennsylvania enacted a law related to clinical laboratory science in 1918, paving the way for standardized training and regulation.

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Chief Physician's Role in Clinical Labs

By 1920, large hospital laboratories were managed by a chief physician, overseeing various divisions such as clinical pathology, bacteriology, microbiology, and serology.

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ASCP's Impact on Lab Professionals

The American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP) formed in 1922, collaborating with physicians and non-physician clinical laboratory scientists, establishing ethical codes and promoting professionalism.

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University of Minnesota's Milestone

In 1923, the University of Minnesota became the first institution in the United States to offer a degree program in medical technology.

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Hospital Real

A hospital established in Cebu by the Spanish when they relocated their capital to Manila in the 16th century. It served as a crucial healthcare institution during the Spanish colonial period.

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Laboratorio Municipal de Manila

This laboratory was established by Spanish authorities in 1887 to perform examinations on food, water, and clinical samples. It played a crucial role in monitoring public health.

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Bureau of Government Laboratories

Established by the US government in 1901, this bureau was located in Manila and conducted research, produced vaccines, and had a science library. It played a key role in developing the Philippines' healthcare infrastructure.

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Calle Hernan (Pedro Gil)

The street address of the Bureau of Government Laboratories, located in Ermita, Manila. This was a key location for scientific research efforts in the Philippines.

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Paul Freer

The first director of the Bureau of Government Laboratories, a key figure in establishing the foundation for modern medical science in the Philippines.

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Bureau of Science

Created by the US government in 1905, this bureau evolved from the Bureau of Government Laboratories and collaborated with the army to study tropical diseases, becoming a hub for science and education in the Philippines.

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First Clinical Laboratory

Established in 1944 by US healthcare team members in Sta. Cruz, Manila, this laboratory marked the start of formal clinical testing in the Philippines.

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26th Medical Infantry

This unit of the US army played a significant role in establishing the first clinical laboratory in the Philippines during World War II.

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The First Clinical Lab in the Philippines

The first clinical laboratory in the Philippines was established in 1944 by the U.S. 6th Infantry Division in Sta. Cruz, Manila. It served as a significant step towards formal healthcare testing in the country.

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Manila Public Health Laboratory

The first clinical laboratory in the Philippines, established in 1944, was later renamed to Manila Public Health Laboratory after the U.S. 6th Infantry Division left the facility.

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Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda's Role

Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda played a crucial role in reorganizing and leading the Manila Public Health Laboratory after the war. He also established a medical technician training program.

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The Birth of Medical Technology Training

In 1947-1954, Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda, along with other doctors, initiated a medical technician training program in the Manila Public Health Laboratory. This marked a new era of formal medical technology education in the Philippines.

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1954: A Turning Point

In 1954, the Manila Public Health Laboratory began offering a training program for high school graduates, signaling a crucial shift in the evolution of medical technology in the Philippines.

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Study Notes

Prayer Before Class

  • Holy Spirit, Divine Creator, is the true source of light and wisdom
  • The prayer asks for brilliance to be poured upon the intellect
  • The darkness of sin and ignorance should be dissipated
  • A penetrating mind is needed to understand concepts with ease
  • A strong memory and methodical approach are requested
  • Lucidity to comprehend the material and abundant grace in expressing thoughts are requested for the work
  • Success is desired as well as guidance through Jesus Christ, true God, true man, living and reigning with God and the Father through eternity.

Overview of the Medical Technology Profession

  • Principles of Medical Technology Practice 1
  • The study is about Medical Technology Profession
  • The outline includes introduction, historical perspective, and medical technology education

Learning Outcome

  • Discuss the practice of medical technology, with emphasis on the Philippine setting.

Formative Assessment Questions

  • Question 1: Location of the first clinical laboratory in the Philippines
  • a. Intramuros, Manila
  • Correct answer
  • Question 2: The first medical technologist in the Philippines to earn a Bachelor's degree?
  • a. Dr. Alfredo Pio de Roda
  • Correct answer
  • Question 3: Founder of Medical Technology Education in the Philippines?
  • b. Dr. William Welch
  • Correct answer
  • Question 4: Who wrote the book "Clinical Diagnosis: A Manual of Laboratory Methods"?
  • a. James Campbell Todd
  • Correct answer
  • Question 5: Definition of Medical Technology based on principles.
  • b. Ruth I. Heinemann
  • Correct answer

Introduction

  • Overview of the Medical Technology Profession

What is Medical Technology?

  • Also known as Clinical Laboratory Science (Moraleta) or Medical Laboratory Science (CMO 13 s. 2017)
  • A branch of medicine concerned with the performance of laboratory determinations and analyses used in the diagnosis, treatment of the disease and maintenance of health

Medical Technology Profession

  • Described as an auxiliary branch of laboratory medicine
  • Deals with various chemical, microscopic, bacteriologic, and other medical laboratory procedures to aid physicians

What does a Medical Technologist do?

  • Engages in the work of medical technology under the supervision of a pathologist or licensed physician (DOH)
  • Has passed the prescribed course and examination

Medical Technology Practice

  • Designed to improve the detection, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring of diseases
  • Has linkages with other disciplines for specific diagnostic and therapeutic purposes
  • Its nature is contextual, interdisciplinary, and interdependent

R.A. 5527 - The Medical Technology Act of 1969

  • Details the examination of human tissues, secretions, and bodily fluids using various laboratory techniques/procedures like blood banking, histotechnology, cytotechnology, and clinical research, as well as reagent preparation, quality control, and specimen collection/preservation

Roles and Responsibilities

  • Perform clinical laboratory testing
  • Perform special procedures
  • Ensure accuracy and precision of results
  • Be honest in practice
  • Ensure timely delivery of results
  • Demonstrate professionalism
  • Uphold confidentiality
  • Collaborate with other health care professionals
  • Conduct research
  • Involvement in health promotion programs

Job Opportunities

  • Medical technologist in a clinical laboratory
  • Histotechnologist/research scientist in an anatomical laboratory
  • Academe
  • Perfusionist
  • Molecular scientist
  • Diagnostic product specialist
  • Public health practitioner
  • Health care leader
  • Molecular biology/epidemiology
  • Veterinary laboratory science
  • Forensic science
  • Nuclear medicine/science
  • Health facility administration and management
  • Quality management

Field of Specialty

  • Hematology
  • Clinical chemistry
  • Clinical microscopy
  • Microbiology
  • Blood bank and transfusion practices
  • Immunology and serology
  • Histopathology and anatomic pathology

Places of Work

  • Private and Non-profit Organizations
  • Hospitals
  • Laboratories
  • Biotechnology firms
  • Blood banks
  • Clinics
  • Medical equipment manufacturers
  • Colleges and universities
  • Physician's offices
  • Diagnostic testing companies
  • Pharmaceutical companies
  • Health maintenance organizations
  • Research institutes

Historical Perspective

  • - Ancient Egyptian Period:*
    • Ebers Papyrus (1500 BC): Oldest preserved Egyptian medical texts containing first records of diseases such as intestinal infection
  • - Classical Greek Period:*
    • Sushruta (600 BC): Described diabetes, detailing large urine passage and the sweet urine attracting ants
  • - Hellenistic Period:*
    • Hippocrates (300 BC − 180 AD): Known as the "Father of Medicine", focusing on humors.
  • - Roman Period:*
    • Galen (300 BC): Developed ideas about diabetes and the relationship between bodily fluids, intake, and urine volume
  • - Medieval Period:*
    • Rufus of Ephesus (50 AD): Defined hematuria and identified kidney problems -Uroscopy (Medieval Period): Diagnosis through visually examining urine
  • - Middle Ages:*
    • Isaac Judaeus (900 AD), compiled medical rules of urine (Kidney problem diagnosis)
  • - 16th and 17th Centuries:*
    • Zacharias Janssen and Hans Janssen (1590s): Contributed to modern microscopic designs and analysis
    • Anton van Leeuwenhoek (17th Century): improved compound microscope, observed and classified bacteria according to shape.
      • Frederic Dekkers (17th Century): noted the protein precipitation in urine.
      • Richard Lower (18th Century): researched blood transfusion from one animal to another.
      • William Hewson (18th Century): discovered plasma as a separate constituent of blood
  • - 19th Century:*
    • John Snow (1854): Cholera outbreak
      • Louis Pasteur (1857): success in producing immunity to rabies.
      • Robert Koch (mid-1800s): Developed Koch's postulates to define the specificity of diseases.
      • Ernst Von Bergmann (1886): Introduced steam sterilization in surgery
      • Elie Mechnikov (1886): described phagocytes in fighting infections.
      • Karl Landsteiner (1902): Distinguished blood groups through the development of the ABO blood group system.
      • August von Wassermann (1906): Developed immunologic tests for syphilis,
      • Howard Ricketts (1906): Discovered microorganisms (Rickettsiae) which lies between bacteria and viruses
      • Hans Fischer (1929): Identified the structure of hemoglobin.
  • - 20th Century:*
  • James Westgard (1954) : Introduced the westgard rules for quality control
  • Jonas Salk (1954): Developed poliomyelitis vaccine
  • Baruch Samuel Blumberg (1973): Introduced hepatitis B vaccine
  • Kary Mullis (1985): Developed the PCR (polymerase chain reaction)
  • Andre Van Steirteghem (1992): Introduced Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)
  • James Thomson (1998): Derived the first human stem cell line

History of Medical Technology in the United States

  • The evolution of medical technology labs in the United States from the mid-1800s.
  • University of Michigan Hospitals
  • The work of Dr. William Welch & development of medical programs in the United States. Other points are located in respective sections

History of Medical Technology in the Philippines

  • Colonial period developments and origins of Manila hospitals
  • 16th Century through 1960. Reorganization and establishment of facilities and their programs.
  • 1901: Establishment of the Bureau of Government Laboratories, other points are located in respective sections

Prayer after Class

  • Prayer for a mind to know God, a heart to seek Him, wisdom to uncover Him, for a life that will be pleasing to Him.
  • Hope to embrace and be with God.

Formative Essay Assignment

  • Goal setting after earning a Medical Technology degree
  • Include the vital roles of a medical technologist and approaches to accomplish the goals.
  • The length of the essay should be between 300-500 words.

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