Medical History Flashcards
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Questions and Answers

What does Alder's introduction to medical firsts refer to?

Medicine has ancient roots and branches that embrace every human culture.

What evidence supports the existence of ancient medical practices? (Select all that apply)

  • Skeltons with broken bones (correct)
  • Amulets, statues, and drawings (correct)
  • Fossil human skulls with holes in them (correct)
  • Herbs, processes, and animals used for healing purposes (correct)
  • Skeltons frozen in the arctic (correct)
  • Cave drawings (correct)
  • Where do the oldest written medical records originate?

    Egypt.

    Which ancient medicines were commonly used? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Opium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How old is Chinese medicine?

    <p>3000 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who were the healers during the time of Hippocrates?

    <p>Best thinkers of the time including philosophers, priests, sages, and the eldest of society.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What fundamental criteria does the Hippocratic Oath specify?

    <p>Principles of beneficence and non-maleficence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hippocrates insist about the practice of medicine?

    <p>Medicine must rely on observation and verified through the senses.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Hippocrates believe about prognosis?

    <p>He evaluated a patient's illness in respect to their lifestyle and environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four balanced humors according to Hippocrates?

    <p>Blood, black bile, phlegm, and yellow bile.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Hippocrates famous?

    <p>He emphasized a vision for what medicine should be.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are three goals Hippocrates had for physicians?

    <p>Alleviate a patient's suffering, reduce the severity of illness, and recognize and refrain from treating the untreatable.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is humility in the context of medicine as described by Hippocrates?

    <p>Understanding the risks and limitations of their knowledge of medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does realism refer to in Hippocratic medicine?

    <p>Recognizing that they were not all-knowing and being good people trying to help others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Art and technology are irrelevant to the evolution of medicine.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Atul Gawande teach us about healing?

    <p>To find where your failures are, devise solutions, and implement solutions with humility, discipline, and teamwork.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What message did Don Berwick convey to new physicians?

    <p>The answer is missing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Alexander the Great?

    <p>King of Macedonia who conquered Greece, Egypt, and Persia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Alexandria known for during the time of Herophilus and Erasistratus?

    <p>A Mecca for education, industry, and advancement for the arts and sciences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the old Greek ideas of medicine?

    <p>The heart was the center of awareness, and the brain cooled the blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did they learn about the body in ancient times?

    <p>Through the battlefield of corpses or butchering of animals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Herophilus?

    <p>The first anatomist known for describing organs, organ systems, and nerves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Herophilus believe about consciousness?

    <p>He placed consciousness in the brain rather than the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Erasistratus known for?

    <p>The first physiologist who wanted to explain how organs function.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What halted progress in Erasistratus' discoveries?

    <p>Arguments between his students, the prohibition of human dissection, the Great Fire of Alexandria, and the rise of Christianity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Dark Ages begin?

    <p>They became a population that valued piety more than inquiry.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Verghese say about the true role of being a physician?

    <p>Attentiveness to the patient and not the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Dr. Bhadula learn from her poor job performance?

    <p>She did not convey her empathy towards Ms. K and did not give her time to ask questions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Rachel Remen?

    <p>A physician who believes listening is the best medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Varro?

    <p>A Roman public servant, soldier, scholar, and author known for his work in farming.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How long did people live during Varro's era and why?

    <p>35 years, due to diseases such as tuberculosis, smallpox, scarlet fever, malnutrition, and violence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Varro depict in 'On Farming'?

    <p>The idea for germ theory of disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Soranus?

    <p>A physician who focused on women's health and wrote extensively about pregnancy and birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Soranus's ideas on women's health survived into the coming centuries.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is differential diagnosis?

    <p>Asking questions to narrow suspicions and decide necessary tests.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Galen?

    <p>A prominent medical figure who clung to the four humors theory.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was 'Patch Adams' about?

    <p>Hunter 'Patch' Adams desires to become a doctor but is disillusioned by clinical perspectives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was al-Razi?

    <p>A highly respected physician who wrote about equality and was the first to classify diseases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What swayed Adams to different thinking?

    <p>A patient at the mental institute who opened him up to a new way of connecting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What messages does the art of film-making convey about medicine? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Practice holistic medicine, treating the person not just the disease.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was al-Nafis?

    <p>An outspoken physician known for his understanding of blood oxygenation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What creates the wrong environment for medicine according to Brian Goldman?

    <p>Pride, fear, competitiveness, and unrealistic expectations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Brian Goldman's TED talk focus on?

    <p>His failures in medicine and the necessity to learn from mistakes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the Renaissance?

    <p>The rebirth of art and learning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which diseases from ancient times can still occur today? (Select all that apply)

    <p>Smallpox</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Paracelsus known for?

    <p>Being the first to use chemicals and minerals in medicine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were Paracelsus's three most understandable ideas?

    <p>Doctors should treat all patients equally, each disease has a unique cause and cure, and chemistry must be used for creating drugs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Vesalius?

    <p>An anatomist and scholar who dissected bodies and discredited Galen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who was Weyer?

    <p>The first physician to specialize in mental illness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did William Harvey contribute to medicine?

    <p>He detailed the relationship between the heart and blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What surprised people about Johann Weyer?

    <p>The whole idea of witches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What natural causes could explain the mental health issues of Weyer’s day?

    <p>Trauma as a child, neglect, and loss of a family member.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Harvey unable to assuredly describe the circular movement of blood?

    <p>He did not have a microscope to see the connections between arteries and veins.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of bloodletting and purging?

    <p>To treat forms of hemorrhaging and to prevent inflammation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did some animal models help Harvey's research?

    <p>Cold-blooded animals allowed for a slower heart rate to observe blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Irv Braverman notice about residents?

    <p>They lacked observational skills.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Keb Mo's song address?

    <p>How everyone undergoes similar challenges in life, but healing is possible.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is Richie Davidson?

    <p>A researcher known for his studies on emotion and the brain.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'The Diving Bell and Butterfly' about?

    <p>An editor who suffers a stroke and ends up in locked-in syndrome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'Mercy Killers' depict?

    <p>A blue collar worker grappling with the challenges of caring for a terminally ill spouse.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Medical History and Ancient Practices

    • Medicine has deep historical roots across cultures globally.
    • Evidence from ancient times includes human skulls with trepanation, preserved skeletons, and early healing practices documented through art and artifacts.

    Ancient Egypt and Early Medicines

    • The oldest written medical records originate from ancient Egypt.
    • Common ancient medicinal substances included honey, castor oil, pomegranate, opium, and cannabis.

    Chinese Medicine

    • Dates back over 3000 years, emphasizing a balance of elements such as Female, Male, Dark, Moist, Light, and Dry.

    Hippocratic Era

    • Healers in Hippocrates' time were philosophers, priests, and wise elders, often attributed divine qualities.
    • Hippocratic Oath focuses on beneficence (doing good) and non-maleficence (avoid harm).

    Hippocrates and Observational Medicine

    • Hippocrates, active around 400 BC, sought natural explanations for diseases, separating medical practice from spiritual beliefs.
    • Evaluation of patients was based on lifestyle and environmental factors, promoting healing through minimal intervention.

    The Four Humors

    • Hippocrates proposed that health is influenced by the four bodily humors: blood, black bile, phlegm, and yellow bile.

    Herophilus and Erasistratus

    • Herophilus was an early anatomist, credited with describing bodily organs and systems; introduced consciousness as a brain function.
    • Erasistratus advanced surgery and was the first to conceptualize the heart as a pump, despite inaccuracies in his theories.

    Impact of the Dark Ages

    • Scientific progress declined as spiritual beliefs overshadowed inquiry post-Hippocrates, particularly after the Great Fire of Alexandria and the rise of Christianity.

    Renaissance and Medical Advances

    • The Renaissance marked a revival of interest in art and science.
    • Paracelsus introduced chemistry into medicine, emphasizing unique causes and cures for diseases.
    • Andreas Vesalius critically examined Galen's work, leading to greater anatomical accuracy despite initial resistance.

    Key Figures and Philosophies

    • Weyer is recognized as the pioneer in psychiatry, advocating for the natural causes of mental illness.
    • William Harvey studied blood circulation, contributing to the understanding of the circulatory system.
    • Al-Razi and al-Nafis challenged prevailing doctrines, promoting skepticism and empiricism in medical practices.

    Modern Perspectives

    • Dr. Brian Goldman discussed the significance of acknowledging failure in medicine, emphasizing the importance of empathy and learning.
    • Rachel Remen advocates for the therapeutic healing power of listening and connection with patients.

    Cultural Reflections in Media

    • The film "Patch Adams" highlights the importance of compassion and holistic care in medicine.
    • "Mercy Killers" portrays the emotional and financial strains of healthcare in America amidst a tender personal story.

    Contemporary Discussions in Medicine

    • The studies of Richie Davidson on emotions and the brain explore the interplay between mental health and emotional wellness.
    • "The Diving Bell and Butterfly" illustrates the profound impact of a stroke on communication and existence, showcasing resilience.

    Ongoing Relevance of Ancient Diseases

    • Historical diseases like tuberculosis and smallpox continue to pose threats today, reminding us of the enduring challenges in medical history.

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    Description

    This quiz covers key concepts related to the ancient roots of medicine and its cultural significance. Explore evidence of early medical practices through artifacts, skeletal remains, and historic documentation. Perfect for students studying medical history.

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