History of Journalism

• Journalism involves collecting, preparing, and distributing news and related content
• This happens through print, electronic media, social networking, and broadcast forms
• Varying individual perspectives lead to different understandings and expectations of journalism

History of Journalism

• Acta Diurna,an early news sheet, circulated in ancient Rome
• In China's Tang dynasty, officials used court circulars or "reports"
• Tomas Pinpin, the Father of Filipino Printing, launched the first Philippine Newsletter, Successos Felices “Fortunate Events" in 1637
• Del Superior Govierno, the first Philippine Newspaper, launched on Aug 8, 1811
• La Esperanza was started in 1847
• Diario de Manila began in 1848
• 1877 marked the beginning of more opinionated journalism
• This started with the birth of La Opinion on April 1, 1887
• La Solidaridad, the mouthpiece of the Katipuneros, was founded on Feb 19, 1889
• El Heraldo de llollo began on Jan 1, 1898
• La Libertad began on June 20, 1898
• La Independencia was founded on Sep 3, 1898
• Manila Times, the oldest English language newspaper in the Philippines, was founded by Thomas Gowan, October 11,1898
• Ramon Roces is considered the Father of Modern Journalism
• Manila Tribune was another publication
• American Newspaper, one of the oldest existing newspapers, known as the Manila Daily Bulletin, started Feb 1, 1900
• Liwayway is the oldest magazine
• Manila Free Ph was the first post-liberation newspaper, published by a US officer during the war

Perspectives on Journalism

• Journalists often describe a news sense as a natural, innate talent
• Journalism is viewed as a phenomenon with volume and material dimensions
• Journalism contains daily news
• Journalism serves as a mirror, reflecting objective happenings in the real world
• Journalism is reflected in notion of news stories
• News requires nurture and careful handling
• Journalism serves the public interest and fosters trust
• A set of professional activities qualifies someone as a "Journalist" (may standard)

Journalism Perspectives from Scholars

• Journalism as Text: considers the public use of words, images, and sounds in patterned ways
• Journalism as People: defines journalism through those who work as journalists
• Journalism as Practice: focuses on the practical and symbolic dimensions of news practice

Types of Journalism

• Access Journalism: involves self-censorship to avoid embarrassing powerful entities
• Advocacy Journalism: aims to advocate particular viewpoints or influence public opinion
• Broadcast Journalism: is written or spoken for radio or TV.
• Business Journalism: tracks, records, analyzes, and interprets the business
• Citizen Journalism: known as participatory journalism
• Data Journalism: finds stories in numbers, using them to tell a story
• Drone Journalism: involves using drones to capture journalistic footage
• Gonzo Journalism: a highly personal reporting style championed by Hunter S. Thompson

Styles of Reporting

• Interactive Journalism: online journalism on the web
• Investigative Journalism: in-depth reporting that uncovers social problems
• Photo Journalism: stories told through images
• Political Journalism: covering all aspects of politics
• Science Journalism: focuses on science and technology
• Sports Journalism: covers sports
• Student Journalism: journalism by students
• Tabloid: light-hearted and entertaining; less legitimate than mainstream journalism
• Yellow Journalism (sensationalism): writing that emphasizes exaggerated claims or rumors
• War Journalism: reporting on war and armed conflicts

Role of Journalism in Society

• Journalism serves a key role in society

Core Principles of Ethical Journalism (TIFHA)

• Truth and Accuracy: Cardinal principle, prioritizing factual correctness
• Independence: Maintaining independent voices, free from special interests
• Fairness and Impartiality: Providing balance and context, acknowledging multiple sides within stories
• Humanity: Avoiding harm through journalism
• Accountability: Holding oneself responsible and professional

The Journalist's Creed

• Believing in journalism as a public trust and serving the public interest
• Upholding clear thinking, accuracy, and fairness
• Prioritizing truth and social welfare over suppression of news
• Maintaining ethical conduct and avoiding conflicts of interest
• Striving for journalism that is independent, constructive, tolerant, respectful, and just

Journalists' Code of Ethics

• Report news scrupulously, avoiding distortion or suppression
• Correct errors promptly
• Protect confidential information
• Practice fair and honest methods of news gathering
• Avoid personal motives or conflicts of interest
• Refrain from plagiarism and unethical behavior
• Avoid ridicule or discrimination
• Presume innocence, exercise caution with sensitive information
• Avoid unfair advantage over fellow journalists
• Uphold integrity and dignity, invoking conscience when necessary
• Maintain professional conduct and decency

Challenges of Journalism (TETOERADSABD)

• The Rise of Fake News: Rapid spread of misinformation challenging credibility
• Economic Pressure: Financial struggles for traditional news outlets
• Threats to Journalistic Independence: Corporate ownership, political biases, and external pressures compromising independence
• Oversaturation of Information: Overload of information
• Ethical Dilemmas: Navigating complex ethical decisions in reporting
• Rapid Technological Changes: Adapting to advancements
• Audience Fragmentation: Audiences dispersed across zones
• Diminishing Trust: Erosion of public trust in journalism
• Security Concerns: Risks faced by journalists
• Adaptation to New Storytelling: Adjusting to new info

Journalism Defined

• Gathering, recording, verifying, and reporting information of public importance
• News informs daily life, though a single definition is difficult due to various influencing factors

News Values (RTPUCEENPCC)

• Relevance: Impact on the audience's lives
• Timeliness: Current events
• Predictability: Scheduled events known in advance
• Unexpectedness: Unusual occurrences
• Continuity: Ongoing stories with repercussions
• Elite People: Stories about well-known individuals
• Elite Nations: Stories about developed countries
• Negativity: Focus on disasters, crime, and scandal
• Proximity: Impact on a specific audience
• Conflict: Opposing forces
• Currency: Timeliness of an idea

Sources of News (PNECLTCIMC)

• Press Releases: Prepared by PR professionals
• Newsroom Diaries: Seasonal or recurring events
• Emergency Services: Info from police, fire, or ambulance
• Charities and Pressure Groups: Promoting a certain cost
• Local Government: Government at all levels
• Trade Organizations: Representing specific trade workers

Journalism Techniques

• KISS (Keep It Short & Simple): concise writing style
• Experiment: Innovation in storytelling
• Story Construction: Inverted pyramid for non-chronological stories
• Answer questions: all 5Ws and 1H
• Use simple sentences
• Know audience when choosing words
• Punctuation is importnat
• Balance: good writing

Interviewing

• Ask "would I be interested in this story?"
• Think about the audience
• Interview the right people
• News in Brief: succinct reports
• Be concise
• Find the right interviewee
• Lines of questioning will be different based on interviewee

Difficult Interviews

• The death knock: speaking to relatives of the recently deceased
• Interviewing the elderly and children

Verifying Information

• Names need to beaccurate

Reporting

• Routines involve patterned practices and forms
• News is classified as hard, soft, spot, developing, and continuing

Journalists and The Law

-The Philippines is among the dangerous for journalists

• The CPJ reported 14 unsolved killings, Sep 1 2012 to Aug 31 2022
• The application of the franchise has been used to retaliate against media corporations -Heightened Red-tagging: labeling activists, journalists, and human rights workers

Basic Legal Concepts in the Philippines

• The Constitution: The fundamental and supreme law of the land
• Statutes: Acts of legislative (congress), municipal charters, municipal legislation (sanggunian) court rules, administrative rules and issues
• International Law: International principles or agreement with other territory or nation

Court System

• Justice System, Law enforcement, and Prosecution
• Parties show up before the court in proceedings, the court then offers a verdict
• Elements of the crime has to be proven
• Provable libel: causes dishonor, discredit or contempt, malice is presumed
• Penalties include imprisonment and fines

Cybercrime Prevention and Republic Acts

• R.A. 10175: cybercrime that criminalizes defamatory statements made online.
• R.A. 11479: anti-terrorism designed to prevent terrorism