History of Inventions and Innovators

Water Wheel

• A large wheel powered by flowing water
• Used to operate machinery or raise water to higher levels

Water Irrigation

• The process of supplying water to land or crops to promote growth
• Typically achieved through channels

Algebra and Geometry

• Muhammad bin Moosaa Al-Khawaarizimi
  • Considered the "father of algebra"
  • Introduced the concept of "algorithm"
  • Developed arithmetical procedures including fraction operations

Physics and Chemistry

• Kamaaluddeen
  • Studied the refraction of sunlight in raindrops
  • Provided an explanation for primary and secondary rainbows

Haaroon Ar-Rasheed

• Associated with the story of the invention of the pendulum
• Said to have presented a water clock to Emperor Charlemagne

Moosaa bin Shaakir

• Described 100 mechanical devices in his book "Artifices"

Camera Obscura

• Invented in 1038 CE
• Ibn Haytham is recognized as the inventor

Qaadhi Abu Bakr

• Developed a theory of relativity in the 8th century
• This theory involved time and space, expressed through mathematical equations and astrophysics

Fireworks

• Bamboo cases filled with gunpowder
• Initially used for entertainment
• Later used to frighten enemies

Kites

• Invented in China during the Chou dynasty
• Used for recreation
• Employed in warfare for communication, signaling, and carrying explosives in besieged cities

Crossbow

• A bow mounted horizontally on a stock
• Fires arrows or bolts using the mechanical energy of a stretched bowstring

Fans

• Constructed using bamboo spines in a semicircle shape
• Covered with silk
• Primarily used by women and soldiers

Iron Plough

• A major development in ancient Chinese agriculture
• Developed in the 4th century BC
• Widely used during the Han dynasty

Porcelain

• Made from special white clay (kaolin)
• Fired at high temperatures
• Some clay melts, resulting in a shiny and translucent finish

Kaolin

• A special white clay primarily used in pottery